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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paleontology
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study of prehistoric life
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anthropometry
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measurement of humans, and understanding physical variation
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paleopathology
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study of ancient diseases and their origins
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pompeii premise
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the preserved bodies were the exception rather than the norm
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taphonomy
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study of burial or bone assemblages
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relative dating
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no dating occurs, just estimated order of events
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absolute dating
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determining age of fossil
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statigraphy
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study of rock layers
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artifacts
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portable products and by-products of human behavior
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ecofacts
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organic remains which are used, or affected by people like plant remains, animal bones and pollen grains.
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features
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non portable artifacts such as pits, walls and buildings
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archaeological context
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the scientific study of the material remains of past human cultures and behavior
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catastrphism
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sudden violent events affecting earth
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uniformitarianism
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gradual, present functions exact same way as past
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natural selection
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differential reproductive success
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Mendelian genetics
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pea plant, gives support for natural selection. studied how chromosomes transmit across generations
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genotype
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internal, inherited information
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phenotype
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outward, physical manifestation
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mitosis
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division of cells--haploid to diploid
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meisos
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sexual reproduction of cells
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genetic evolution
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winning of certain traits of others due to natural selection
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pattern of darwinian evolution
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find out in review
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sexual reporductive strategy model
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review
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random genetic drift
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event that bottlenecks a gene pool
(allele frequency) in a population by chance |
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recombination
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natural formation in offspring of genetic combinations not present in parents, by process of crossing over or independent assortment.
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gene flow
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increases the variation within populations, but should ideally decrease between populations
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speciation
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evolutionary formation of new biological speicies--usually by the division of a signle species into two or more genetically distict ones. (dogs and wolves)
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convergent evolution
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acquiring the same trait in unrelated lineages
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Bergman's rule & Allen's Rule
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organisms living in cold climates have larger bodies, and those living in hot climates have smaller bodies
Allen's rule: bodies have same surface area, but have shorter, stockier limbs (cold areas), and longer lean limbs in hotter areas. |
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phenotypical adaptation
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adjustment of an organism to its environment, or process by which enhances such fitness
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lesser apes
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gibbons and siamangs
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greater apes
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orangutans, gorillas, chimps and bonobos
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parallel evolution
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knuckle walking chimps and apes, humans bipedal
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arboreal niche
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living in trees
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Paleocene epoch
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65-66 mya
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Eocene epoch
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55-34 mya. The first true pimates emerge during this epoch. Prosimians evolve as separate lineage
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Oligocene epoch
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34-23 mya towards the end of this epoch, Old World Monkeys and Apes split into separate lineages
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Miocene epoch
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23-6 mya the majority of apes evolved and covered the world
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Prosimians
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Tarsiers
-big eyes -big ears -claws Lemurs Madagascar -knuckle-walking -brachiating - swiging from trees using arms |
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New World Monkeys
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Capuchins
Tamarins Howler Monkey |
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Old World Monkeys
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Probiscus Monkey
Mckak Baboon |
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difference between new world monkeys and old world monkeys
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old world monkeys larger with opposable thumbs, can sit down, as well as downward facing nostrils. closer related to humans. from africa and asia.
new world monkeys sideways facing nostrils, hinged thumbs, prehensile tails (grasp things) tend to be smaller and are more arboreal |
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8 main traits of primates
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opposable big toe
flat nails, no claws locomotion hind limb dominant can't smell as well keep kids around longer bigger brain size to body size compared to others unspecialized teeth |
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Apes
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Aegyptapithicus zuchus- 30 mya possible ape ancestor, may not be because it has a tail
Proconsul africanus- 20 mya first species of the oligocene era fossil. European dryopithicines - lived in Europe Sivapithecines Asian apes, 14 mya. probably ancestors of Orangutans Gibbons/Siamangs- live in monogamous pairs that defend small territories together Orangutans Pongo pygmaeus- lead primarily solitary lives, with males defending large territories Gorilla gorilla- prefer polygynous one male-multiple female groups, which are not territorial Common chimps, Pan troglydytes- live in multi-male, multi-female groups with polyandrous mating patterns and female exogamy. their groups are male dominated and highly territorial. They have an unusual mating pattern, they use sperm competition where many males mate with one female instead of fightin with each other. Bonobos, Pan paniscus- live in similar polyandrous multi male, multi female groups, but they are female dominated and tend to be far less territorial than |
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Olduvai Gorge
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East Africa, tons of hominid fossils
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Sahlenthropus tchadenisis
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the current oldest fossil species
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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oldest fossil found that could be related to modern humans. from Chad, which dates to the late miocene 6-7 mya. it is very close to the common ancestor with the chimp/bonobo lineage
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Orrorin tugenensis=Millenium Man
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the next oldest fossil species. from the Tugen Hills in Kenya which dates to 6 mya. These partial remains appear to be from a biped.
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Millenium Man
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from the Tugen Hills in Kenya which dates to 6 mya. These partial remains appear to be from a biped.
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honing complex
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when ape closes its mouth, canine's get sharpened on lower canines
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Ardipithicus ramadis
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best known early human fossil date to btw 4.4 mya
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Australopithicus afarensis
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recently found--dates to 3.9-3 mya. It's been assigned to the species Ardipithecus ramidus. Also a biped, but in a different way from all later hominids
ex. Lucy |
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Lucy
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the best known A afarensis fossil. A fairly complete bipedal skeleton. 3.2 mya
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laetoli transitional
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the bipedal gait of a afarensis is further confirmed at Laetoli---a 75 ft trail of footprints made from 3.5 mya.
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dental arcade
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review
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Diastama
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review
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canine dimorphism
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review
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Homo habilis
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found at Olduvai Gorge in 1960, the Leakeys discovered a fossil labeled OH 7 which dated to 1.6-1.9 mya (handy man). had increased dexterity and could make tools.
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Homo rudolfensis
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1.9 mya
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Homo ergaster/Homo erectus
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In Africa they evolved in Homo ergaster, while the earliest Asians are called homo erectus
1.4 mya same species tercaavoi 5 foot 6 at age 12, pecie man had shovel shaped incisors |
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Archaic Homo sapiens
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evolved by 0.5 mya
0.5 mya built structures more advanced weapons fire Location, Spain. |
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Humans gained control of fire...
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500,000 years ago
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Homo floriensis
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Flores, Indonesia "The Hobbit"
Homoo erectus like, but only 3' tall. hobbit found in indonesia lived 13,000 ya island small things become big, big things become small |
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Homo neandertalensis
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lived btw 250,000 and 125,000 ya.
A morphologically distinct group of humans, the Neandertals, appeared in Europe and Middle East very tall, lived in Europe bodies barrel shape big chest short legs thrusting complex, less advanced weapons made shelters first to bury dead individuals old man, had people make food for him--showed altruism |
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Homo sapiens sapiens
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Modern Homo sapiens evolved about 125,000 ya as well.
Found in Ethiopia and E. Africa replacement, multiracial two theories why |
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creation of modern humans
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Replacement: Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, replaced all outside of it.
Multi-regional: Evolved in Africa and mixed with all other people |
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Tool industries
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Oldawan:
-broad-simple stone tools Acheulian after Oldawan: -humans made more sophisticated bifacial stone tools called hand axes of the Acheulian tradition. Musterian Neandertals: -Made Mousterian tools, a more diverse tool kit than preceding industries -blade technology Neandertals were the first humans to bury their dead. |
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Broad spectrum revolution
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review
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Neolithic revolution
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review
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sedentism
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reiview
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theories on the origin of food production
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population push/marginal zone theory - populations getting dense need way to get more food to feed more ppl
environmental change symbiosis |
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Walls of Jericho
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walls built by cooperation/fear
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Chiefdom
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review
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theories on the emergence of the state
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Integrative: states are an association of people who willingly join in order to benefit from interdependence, cooperation and central administration
-hydraulic regulation -trade Conflict/Coercion: states are forged out of conflict or through force -circumscription???? |
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Sumeria
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review
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Ubaid period
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the Ubaid people brought a fully developed complex of domesticated plants and animals to Sumeria
Eridu |
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State
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review
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stratification
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reivew
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Uruk/Warka
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first city and state society in Sumeria 5400 BP
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Writing
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Beer recipe
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collapse
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Sumerians damaged their ecosystem through progressive salinization of their soil brought on by massive irrigation in an arid environment
Rapid decrease (within a period of a generation) in population size and socio political complexity |
