Anthro Final

Front 1

1. On what continents do we find remains of premodern humans?

Back 1

africa asian and europe

Front 2

2. When and where were the earliest modern human fossils located/discovered?

Back 2

Africa
Approximately 200,000

Front 3

3. Where have Neanderthal remains been found?

Back 3

middle east and europe.

Front 4

4. What are the cranial capacities of Neanderthal and modern humans?

Back 4

Neanderthal= 1250-1740 cc H. sapiens sapiens = 1400 cc (range: 950-1800 cc)

Front 5

5. Be able to define, compare and contrast the morphological characteristics of Neanderthals and modern humans.

Back 5

H. sapiens sapiens
Vaulted cranium
Definite chin
Maximum width of skull is high
Brow ridges essentially gone (variable)
No post-orbital constriction
Marked reduction in face size
Nasal bones reduced
Straighter profile of face
Post-cranial skeleton very “gracile”



H. neanderthalensis
Elongated cranium
Occipital bun
Bulges at the sides
Low forehead
Large cranial capacity
Lack of chin
Maximum width of skull
Large, arching brow ridges
Projecting mid-face
Large gap behind 3rd molar
Robust nasal bones
Post-cranially very “robust”
Barrel-chested & powerful

Front 6

6. When does cave and portable art first appear? Who created them?

Back 6

Upper Paleolithic it started cave decorations been around for 25,000 years

modern humans crated them.

Front 7

7. What is most often represented in cave art?

Back 7

animals that had some meaning to life.

fierce animals that they are scared of.

Front 8

8. What and when are the Aurignacian, Solutrean, Gravettian and Magdalenian?

Back 8

upper paleolithic tool types.

Front 9

9. What are the characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic?

Back 9

trade, travel, advanced tools, working together, "technology" language.
portable art and cave art.

Front 10

10. What is the relationship between language, motor functions and spatial memory functions of the brain?

Back 10

they are very important for one another. they work together and the better or bigger memory and motor functions the more complex language you can know.

Front 11

11. What are the major linguistic components of language?

Back 11

PHONEMES = The smallest linguistically significant units of sound.
MORPHEMES = the smallest combinations of sounds that convey meaning.
For example: Un + true = 2 morphemes
SYNTAX: standardized conventions for combining words to form statements that make sense to other speakers of the same language. For example...

Front 12

12. What are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

Back 12

The parts of the brain which are enlarged are directly related to HAND-EYE Coordination and adjacent to areas important for language

Front 13

13. What are the major stone tool traditions? With which species are they associated.

Back 13

olduwon tools stone tools (basic stone tools)

Acheulean - (hand axes)

blade tools technology (modern humans) complexed tools that are used to make other tools.

Front 14

14. What is the difference between a core tool technology and a flake tool technology?

Back 14

Core = Any piece of material that has had flakes removed from it.
Flake = Any material removed from a core (intentional or not).

Front 15

15. What is the Levallois technique? Who used it?

Back 15

Tortoise-shaped core with CONVERGENT FLAKE SCARS
Can use poorer material
Produces very straight edges (Knives)
Curved and steep-angle edges: SCRAPERS
Requires STRATEGIZING THE STONE
This Mousterian Stone Tool kit (associated with Neanderthal) may have had as many as 100+ tool types.

Front 16

16. What is the importance of stone blades? Who used them?

Back 16

modern humans , tools to make other tools.

Front 17

17. What is an atlatl?

Back 17

throwing stick has a sharp blade at end of it.

Front 18

18. What are the arguments and evidence for and against the Out-of-Africa hypothesis and the Multi-Regional hypothesis?

Back 18

HYPOTHESIS 1 (OUT-OF-AFRICA):
Modern humans evolved from a population of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa, then spread throughout the rest of the world and replaced archaic Homo sapiens everywhere.
HYPOTHESIS 2 (Multi-Regional Model):
Archaic Homo sapiens populations gradually evolved into anatomically modern humans in different areas.

Front 19

19. What are the characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups?

Back 19

never reach population levels where biological controls would be operative

about 25 is the optimum size for general Hunter-Gatherer groups

very concerned with their relationships with other people.

Front 20

20. How does the diet of hunter-gatherers differ from those who depend on agriculture?

Back 20

argicultures eat more grains and starches. higher carb diet.

Front 21

21. What did humans need to do in order to domesticate animals?

Back 21

Need to Alter Behavior

Reduction of Intelligence

Reduction of Aggressive Behavior

Eliminate Defensive Mechanisms

Front 22

22. What are the benefits and problems of agriculture?

Back 22

problems:


Stability of ecosystems decrease
Requires increasing care for resource (fertilizing, feeding)
Harvesting methods change (different technology requirements)
Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation (susceptibility to disease)
Storage issues
Nutrition implications: a decrease in diversity of food.
Narrowing of DIET BREADTH
Transportation requirements
Increase stupidity in animals, but do not want recalcitrant animals

Front 23

23. When does agriculture first appear?

Back 23

12000 BP or 10000 BC

Front 24

24. Where were the centers of initial domestication? What were the important domesticates in each?

Back 24

SW Asia: Sedentary Hunter-Gatherers  Mixed Farming of grains and animals.
China: Sedentary Hunter-Gatherers  Rice Farming (Yellow River Delta).
Americas: Mobile Hunter-Gatherers  Bottle-Gourds  Corn & Beans

Front 25

25. What did humans need to do in order to domesticate wild grains, such as wheat?

Back 25

Manipulation of wild grains
Sowing grain to supplement wild harvest
Reduce travel time during harvest
Changes in plants (GENETIC ALTERATION)
MORE seeds, fruit, root, leaf
LARGER seeds, fruit, root, leaf

Front 26

26. What are the differences between hunter-gatherer and agricultural production systems, in terms of labor costs and efficiency?

Back 26

hunter gatherers work a little and get a lot of food where as agricultural make extra food but takes a lot of effort.

Front 27

27. What are the basic theoretical models for the origins of agriculture?

Back 27

nuclear zone light bulb theaory.. llook it up

Front 28

28. What are the characteristics of and differences between mitochondrial (mtDNA) and Y-Chromosome DNA? What can each tell us about the origins and dispersal of modern human populations?

Back 28

y chromosome only comes from man and mtDNA comes from mother.

we track the markers between teh chromosomes and see relationships and population.

Front 29

29. What is the “Eve” Hypothesis

Back 29

tracking chromosomes for female populations and relationships.

Front 30

30. What are the major biological and behavioral trends in human evolution from 4 million to 30,000 years ago?

Back 30

ABSOLUTE BRAIN SIZE IS LESS IMPORTANT THAN BRAIN-TO-BODY RATIO

DECLINE IN SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

USE OF TOOLS REDUCES ADVANTAGE OF SIZE – PREMIUM IS ON INTELLIGENCE AND ABILITY TO GET/SHARE FOOD.

cooperation among each other.
use of water containers to hold more water.

Front 31

31. What was remarkable about the hominids discovered on Flores Island, Indonesia?

Back 31

they are reallly little people "hobbits"

Front 32

32. Know and be able to describe the periods and stages of (life history) human development (pre-natal through old age).

Back 32

???

Front 33

33. What is “menarche”?

Back 33

female period. age of menarche is usually age of 11-13

Front 34

34. What are rain forests? Why are they important? How are they threatened?

Back 34

???

Front 35

35. How does the modern (contemporary) diet of Americans affect their health? What is Type II Diabetes?

Back 35

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Front 36

36. How have humans modified their natural environment?

Back 36

??

Front 37

37. What is Behavioral Ecology?

Back 37

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Front 38

38. What is the history and current trajectory of world human population growth?

Back 38

???

Front 39

39. What is “Global Warming”? What are its causes? How does it relate to cyclical climate change? How can this problem be addressed?

Back 39

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