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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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oldest possible human ancestor. Chad ~ 6mya. Possible candidate for bipedalism
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Orrorin tugenesis
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stronger candidate for human ancestor and biped than sahelanthropus, ~6mya kenya
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Aridpithecus ramidus
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4.4 mya. near complete skeletal find shows a well-adapted biped. Chimp-sized brain
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Australopithecus afarensis
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"Lucy" ethiopia ~3-4 mya
Chimp-brained inline-big toe, wide pelvis chimp-face and teeth |
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Australopithecus sediba
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S. Africa ~2 mya
small brain, arboreal shoulder, long arms & curved fingers |
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Paranthropus aethiopicus
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Kenya ~2.5mya
sagittal crest, "dished" face |
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Paranthropus bosei
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1.2mya tanzania
similiar to aethiopicus less cresting or dished shaped |
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Paranthropus robustus
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~2-1.5 mya S. Africa
larger brain |
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Grade
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A grouping of organisms sharing a smiliar adaptive pattern. Not necessarily based on closeness of eveoltionary relationship, but it does contrast organisms in a useful way (eg. Homo erectus with Homo sapiens)
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Autralopithicus Africanus
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South Africa ~ 2-3mya
larger brain, no cranial cresting, less prognathic |
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Homo habilis
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~2.4 mya
reduced facial size, more parabolic palate, Smaller browridge, greater encephilization |
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Homo rudolphensis
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Same as habilis?
1.8 mya larger face/molars minimal brow ridge significant brainsize 775 cc |
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Homo erectus vs. ergaster
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Same or different species?
erectus outside africa lived longer 1.8-.05 mya, ergaster in africa (more gracile) 1.8-1.0 mya |
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Sagittal keel
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Not a crest, but not flat sagittal suture
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Homo erectus
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1.8 mya in East Africa. First to migrate out of africa. ~5 1/2 feet tall. Large cranial capacity. Has a sagittal "keel" Some sexual dimorphism
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Oldowan
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from 1.8-1.5 mya
unifacial stone tools, simple cores, flakes, hammerstones |
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Acheulian
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first found 1.4 mya
bifacial, handaxes cleavers |
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Mousterian industry
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125-40kya Associated with Neanderthals and some H. sapiens. More flake tools than Acheulian
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Levallois technique
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Another industry of Neandertal
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Chatelperonnian industry
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40-30 kya industry
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Aurignacian industry
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Upper paleoithic cultural period, 40-26 kya
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Solutrean industry
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~20 kya industry
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Magdalenian industry
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20-10 kya industry
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Premodern Humans
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Homo heidelbergensis and neaderthalensis
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Pleistocene Ice Age
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the last major ice age, bringing ice sheets all over northern europe
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Homo heidelbergensis
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800-200kya
Similar face to erectus, but larger brain-size (overlapping modern human) Migrated all over africa, europe and asia |
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Homo neanderthalensis
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150-30kya Europe and West Asia
Low forehead, robust features, occipital "bun" no chin. Very large brain. Adapted to very cold enviornment |
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Complete replacement model
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Origin of modern humans in Africa. Completely replaced existing populations. Speciation event
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Partial replacement model
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African origin, interbreeding with other premodern populations. "Mostly out of Africa" hypothesis
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Regional continuity model
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local populations evolved independently to modern humans. Interbreeding. No true taxonomic distinction between us and early homo
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Homo floresiensis
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Flores, Java, Indoesia (island homo) 13-18kya. Hobbits?
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Island rule
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Large species tend to get smaller, and small species tend to get larger
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Settlement of New World
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over the Bering land bridge. Last open 75-45 kya and 25-11kya
by 13kya paleo-indian clovis cultural sites all over north america |
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Charles Linnaeus
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Defined the taxonomy of Homo sapiens by physical features and cultural attributes (europacus, asiaticus, americanus, afer)
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Friedrich Blumenbach
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classified humans into 5 races (1752-1840)
Caucasoid, Ethepian, American, Mongoloid, Matan based on anatomical features other than skin color |
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biological determinism
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Aspects of behavior are governed by geneticfactors.
behavioral and cognative differences exist between groups (cultural traits inherited) |
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Herbert Spencer
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1820-1903
ranked societies on an evolutionary scale, from simple to complex (Based on tech, economy, social structure) |
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Carleton Coon
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20th century anthropologist
races a result of the candelabra model |
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Candelabra model
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races evolved separately from different ancestors.
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Social darwinism
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Domination of an inferior society by a dominant one is result of natural law
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Francis Galton
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C. Darwin's cousin, afraid that nat sel. wouldn't eliminate inferior members, proposed eugenics
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eugenics
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Race improvement through controlled breeding. Increased fertility of best members of society and sterilized others.
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Franz Boas
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a guy?
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Race
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various, distinct groups of humans. Not really a biological concept anymore. there are no distinct groups, just variations
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Ethnicity
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strictly speaking, referring to cultural factors, but commonly interchangeable with race
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Racial purity
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a racist thing
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Frank Livingstone
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a dude
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Clines
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something
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Richard Lewontin
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a person
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Gentic apportionement
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a thingas
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Relethford
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genetic data for backing up Lewontin's findings
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Non-concordance of traits
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something
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Bergmann's rule
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Body size tends to be greater in colder climates, as
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Allen's rule
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Appendages tend to be longer in wamer climates, increased surface area promotes heat loss.
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Acclimatization
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Adaptations for an Environment in short, long, and permanent/developmental terms(tanning, increased hemoglobin at high alt, or incorporated into physiology)
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Biocultural evolution
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evolutionary processes are understandable only within its cultural context. ie lactose intolerance (in Europeans and some africans it persists through adulthood)
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Vitamin D hypothesis
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required for bone growth. Exposure to sunlight is required for bone growth
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Melanin
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skin pigmentation response.
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vitimin B (folic acid) hypothesis
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Normally dietary, needed for DNA synth, UV radiation depletes. Early hominids had hair, loss of body hair drove darker skin
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UV radiation hypothesis
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Darker skin favored in areas close to Equator, early homonins lived in tropics, hominins spent most of theri lives outdoors, hominins didnt wear clothing
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