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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vitamin D Hypothesis |
need vitamin d for normal bone growth, obtained through synthesis UV light without substantial levels of UV light people develop rickets |
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Middle Stone Age |
Morocco Snail collecting and hunting wetter environment Aterian Industry |
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Aterian Industry |
First artifacts of tools that were tied on sticks for spears Ornamentation |
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Later Stone Age |
Blombos Cave, South Africa Klasies River Mouth Caves, South Africa Apollo 11, Nambia |
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Klasies Hunting strategies |
Catastrophis: docile animals can be driven into traps as groups, a variety of ages and sex Attritional: aggressive animals hunted selectively for weaker animals |
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Blombos Cave, SA |
red ochre bone tools beads earliest form of art |
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Klasies River Mouth Caves, SA |
Humans buried with animals- no special treatment ritual cannibalism, not dietary First marine exporation |
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Apollo 11, Nambia |
MSA- oldest painted rock; tools LSA- Organic materials such as leather and string; decorations |
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Upper Paleolithic |
Europe Portable art Blades Grasslands 4 Cultures -Gravettian and Magdalenian Australia, Russia, Ukrain |
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Gravettian Culture |
Upper Paleolithic Czechoslovakia Woman and 2 men sprinkled with ochre, fox teeth and deer pelvis Ivory Venus Figurines Net/mammoth hunting Bone/timber homes |
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Magdalenian Culture |
Upper Paleolithic France Trading exotic materials Cave art Spears and harpoons |
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Lake Mungo, Australia |
Upper Paleolithic 1st cremations marine life red ochre ornamentation |
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Sungir, Russia |
Burials with clothing, tools, fox teeth and beads Children earned status through heredity |
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Mezhirich, Ukraine |
Elaborate structures Mammoth bones for buildings seasonal occupation of homes long distance trade |
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Clovis Culture |
Colby, Wyoming Mammoth kill site Frozen meat piles Points used as weapons |
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Pre-Clovis Culture |
Monte Verde, Chile Pedra Furada, Brazil |
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Monte Verde, Chile |
Plant remains Ivory tools Structural remains of habitation |
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Pedra Furada, Brazil |
Stream through rock shelter Artifacts- controversy of whether they are actually geofacts- natural not cultural |
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Kennewick/spirit cave man |
Not typical Native American long nose/face and receding cheek bones |
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NAGPRA |
Federally developing land must consult with Native Americans before excavating remains, and then must return findings to them |
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Neolithic |
Syria Food production stone tools and hand made pottery Ritualistic burials Time keeping through astronomical means and earthworks Domestication |
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Domestication |
Process of genetic change in plants and animals through artificial selection makes food more dependable and provides a larger variety |
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Domesticated animals |
Animals must be bred under controlled situations |
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Genetic change for domesticated animals |
smaller bodies shape of horns tooth size |
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Domestications: corn cats potatoes rice |
Mexico Eygpt South America Asia, west Africa |
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Domesticated plants |
Plants must be cultivated under controlled situations |
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Genetic change for domesticated plants |
Larger grains Tough rather than brittle |
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Oasis Hypothesis |
food production was necessary because of dry climate conditions plants, animals and humans were confided in small areas for dependable water sources. Food production was necessary for survival |
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Margins Hypothesis |
People moved to rich areas and food production was necessary to survive because of such large poplations |
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Alcohol Hypotrhesis |
Beer made it possible to persuade neighbors and workers, making it easier for people to get others to do what they wanted. Beer provided/filled more than bread |
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Consequences of food production |
Increased populations made it easier to spread disease Increases social stratification Arthritis due to repetitive movement Nutrition deficiencies Baby's stop breast feeding early Lack of variety led to starvation |
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Glottochronology |
Understanding how languages change over time |
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Abu Hureyra, Syraia |
Mesolithic- hunting/gathering Flooded by dam and then abandoned until.. Neolithic- Food production Worlds first farmers (gazelles) Collected soil for food production Large vertebrae and toes with arthritis Increase population and infant mortality Cavities |
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Bantu Speakers |
moved to east/west coast of Africa Brought iron and domestication's Spread food production |
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CHihuahua, Mexico |
Domestication of households and foundations Neolithic |
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Las Capas Site |
Neolithic Earliest use of ceramics, Fomarl cemetary, running water and public bathrooms Agriculture in desert zones |
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Mesolithic |
Old World Megafaunal extinction Mobility Strategies- Diversification Arthur work Carrying capacity reached (8.5 mill) |
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Blitzkreig Hypothesis |
Overkill of large animals Everywhere except Australia |
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Megafaunal Extinction |
Blitzkreig Hypothesis Environmental changes glaciers disturbed communities |
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Diversification |
Broad Spectrum Smaller tools Greater exploration of resources Jamon Culture in Japan Seasonal hunting Ertebolle culture (Denmark and Sweden) |
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Jamon Culture |
Japan Marine Fauna Seasonal 1st ever pottery for cooking Logistical |
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Ertebolle Culture |
Denmark and Sweden Logistical Water showed source of food Earliest ceramics |
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Arthurs work |
Mota Cave- Bayira 1st person in Ethiopia found Burial based on N, E, S, W directions Fetal position Highlands DNA showed low oxygen Ari ethnic group Interactions in old world |
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Archaic |
New World (America) Residential Mobility Nevada Louisiana Poverty Point |
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Lovelock Cave, Nevada |
Mined for fertilizer Storage pits Duck Decoys Burials Coprolite- human feces Second Harvesting |
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Louisiana |
Poverty Point Mounds Aligned to sun Habitation and trading Animal engravings Exotic materials - copper, gauna, iron ore, etc Animistic |
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West mound |
Ceremonial site |
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Animistic |
Spirits made nature animated |
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Intensification |
Food production Mesolithic and Archaic Hunting wold food sources Israel- Natufian CUlture Mexico Start of Domestification Secure structures |
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Natufian Culture |
Israel Earliest village Grass/wooded environment Burials with grave goods Domesticated dogs Originally buried together Later Buried individually Cavities |
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Oaxaca Valley, Mexico |
Squash Domesticated seeds |
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States |
Society with a formal, central government and a division of society into classes Urban Revolution |
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Urban Revolution |
Childe Surplus food production is necessary Earliest writing- Cuniform (accounting) Mesopotamia - between 2 rivers Religious temples Monumental architecture |
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Shang Dynasty |
Soviet Marxist Bernie Sanders Bronze- propaganda, weapons, connected leaders to gods |
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Hydraulic Hypothesis |
If water source, food production is available and transportable |
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Nile Valley |
Hydraulic Hypothesis does not work |
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Circumscription and Ware Fare |
Andes Population increased through time and led to a scarcity of land Scarcity of land lead to conflict/war |
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Trade theory |
Chiefdoms Everyone depends on you (Rich and poor) |
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Indus Valley |
Early writing Trading Drainage/sewers |
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Collapse of states |
Resource Depletion Environmental fluctuation Conflict/Warfare Conflict between other cities People flead China ruling class increased |
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Development of Nile Valley States |
Urbanism Record keeping Agricultural, long distance trade Religion Monumental work |
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State Unification |
Palatte of Namar Unification of Eygpt Story of Isis and Seth and leader |
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Roseta Stone |
Contained hieroglyphics, demotic and Greek |
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Hieroglyphics |
Religion Letters to the dead Business records Science Math Astronomy |
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Papyrus |
Earliest paper |
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Royal Traders |
CIA almost |
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Artisans |
Earliest evidence of workers strike Pharaoh wouldn't feed them so they quite Tomb builders were not slaves- middle class |
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Commoner |
Neolocal residence 8-10 children Well known in public areas Own lad and cattle Household organization Cellars |
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Kingship |
Divine- linked to nature Matrilineal- Family lineage moves through mother |
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Mummification |
Eygptions believe six important aspects to human being: physical body, shadow, name, spirit, personality and immortality Remove organs except heart Dehydrate body |
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Mastabas |
Oldest monumental architecture Where mummies were placed |
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Historical Archaeology |
Origins in the U.S. not Europe Gather information on restoration, reconstruction and interpretation of sites considered to be historically important Beginning of colonialism |
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Expansionism |
Secure markets Resources were dwindling Population growth Famines |
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European Slavery |
Work that no hired person would do Degrading and dangerous |
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Berlin Conference |
Scramble for Africa All western nations attended Keep Congo and Niger open Ethiopia remained independent from Britain |
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Colonialism |
Political, social, economic and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time |
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Adopt 3 C's Policy |
Commerce- Extra resources Christianity- Convert everyone Colonization- Take best land away from owners and use it for farming |
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Extraction |
Crops for exports- cocoa, cotton, coffee Entire profits in European hands Concessionaire companies |
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Leopold's congo |
for rubber, concentration camps, mutilation Killed half population |
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Contributions of Historical Archaeology |
Cultural Contact Questioned Counters the bias in historic records Documenting the lifeways Record lives |
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Assimilation |
Minority culture is incorporated into a dominant culture and loses its original identity |
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Acculturation |
Both groups remain distinct but as a result of cultural contact either or both groups may be altered |
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The Middle Passage |
Taking Africans on ships to America 3rd Great Migration |
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Henrietta Marie |
Symbol for African Holocaust Earliest known slave ship in Key West Sunk while leaving Jamaica |
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Mel Fisher |
Treasure hunter for money |
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David Moore |
Archaeologists for the history |
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Slave architecture |
Porches and cellars uses as culturw |
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Fort Mose, St. Augustine |
1st free black settlement Spain- slaves were able to earn money and freedom Kathleen Deagan Acculturation Only way to stay was to become a Catholic |
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Modern Day Slavery |
800,000 people a year High profit for traffickers Florida plays a key role |
