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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social stratification |
splitting up of society based on "differences" |
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things social stratification is based on |
*age *gender *social class *caste |
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kinship |
-can play a role in social structure *network of relatives who possess certain mutual rights and obligations -cultural constructions or elaborations of marriage creating in-laws -affinal -birth creates consanguineal (blood relatives) |
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affinal kinship |
marrying in to the family rather than being related by blood |
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classification of kin |
*ego *cross cousins *parallel cousins |
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ego |
conventionally used term to indicate the point of reference in kinship relationship |
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cross cousins |
mothers brothers children and fathers sisters children |
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parallel cousins |
mothers sisters children and fathers brothers children |
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clan |
*large lineage group splits into new, smaller ones -claim descent from common ancestor w/o knowing the genealogical connection to the ancestor -clan identification reinforced by totems |
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totem |
each family has a specific animal/natural organism/material object that symbolizes their family/person -totem pole illustrates clan interactions through time..like a clan history |
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descent group |
*consanguineal kin united by lineal descent from common ancestor -unilineal descent group -nonunilineal (ambi)descent group |
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unilineal descent group |
exclusively through one line |
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nonunilineal (ambi) descent group |
can be traced through either parent..not exclusive to one line |
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sib vs clan |
SIB: no common land but still consider themselves united CLAN: common land |
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lineage |
-Consanguineal kin who trace genealogical linksto common ancestor -Marriage of a group member represents analliance of two lineages. -Lineage exogamy maintains opencommunication, fosters information exchangeamong lineages. |
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function of a descent group |
-obligations to maintain traditions *emphasizes group solidarity *extremely conservative -phratry(division in a clan) and moiety(division in a larger society) |
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patrilineal descent group |
-male side determines blood |
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matrilineal descent group |
-men are just for show -mainly horticultural bc women bringing in most of the food -blood flows on female side -brother to the woman parents her kids more than her husband does -doesnt mean women have political power |
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political organization |
way the power is distributed and embedded in society |
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types of political organization |
-uncentralized -centralized |
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types of uncentralized power |
-bands -tribes |
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band (uncentralized power) |
- Politically independent, though related,households. -Nomadic -<100 people - No formal political systems. -Consensus |
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tribe (uncentralized power) |
-Small, autonomous local communities *form alliances -Crop cultivation or herding. -Leadership = informal. -Warfare common |
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chiefdom (centralized power) |
-Ranked hierarchy -Office of chief = usually for life, oftenhereditary.-Chief’s authority unites -Highly unstable |
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nation state (Centralized power) |
-Most formal political organization -Force frequently used intra – and inter-staterelations -Instability and transience |
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power |
*Ability of individuals or groups to make others dothings even against their own wants or wishes. -how society creates and maintains social orderand reduces social disorder. |
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big man |
*no official power or authority given but in certain situations others look to him for leadership *temporary *uses influence *individually achieved -Tribal leadership ~Melanesia and New Guinea -Persuasion Earned ~Wealth ~Generosity ~Male ~Eloquent / charismatic ~Shamanistic (not required) |
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chief |
*wields power *inherited *lifetime tenure |
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social control |
-cross cultural law *any means used to maintain behavioral norms and regulate conflict |
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legal pluralism |
Combination of local customary law and formal coloniallaw |
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conflict resolution |
-Third parties involved -Mediation – less formal systems, less coerciveinstitutionalized power, aimed more atreconciliation....3rd party “helps” with advice, -“Disentangling” (group therapy) -Adjudication – more formal, 3rd party with powerto impose judgment on disputing parties. -Not always a clear line – Zapotec case = combo |
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norm |
something that is agreed upon by society |
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transgression |
unacceptable deviation from the cultural norm |
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civilization |
cooperation of large groups of people not only to survive but to maximize comfort and productivity |
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monogamy |
marriage in which an individual only has one spouse -serial monogamy: marry then divorce then marry then divorce, etc |
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polygamy |
-often seen in horticultural or pastoral societies *multiple spouses polygyny: multiple wives polyandry: multiple husbands (ex: brothers share a wife) |
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extended family |
a collection of nuclear families, related by ties of blood that live together in one household |
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nuclear family |
a family unit consisting of husband wife and dependent children |
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family |
group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption |
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bride-price (wealth) |
*payment of money orgoods from the groom’s to the bride’s kin -may be used to finance wedding celebration -Usually refunded if couple separates |
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dowry |
*Payment of a woman’s inheritance at thetime of marriage to her or her husband. -seen in a stratified society |
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bride service |
*Groom expected to work for a period for thebride’s family. -generally seen in foragers |
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types of marriage exchanges |
-bride price -dowry -bride service |
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divorce |
-may be due to Sterility or impotence -Hopi --Ideals of romantic love or the idealization ofyouth. -Intimate bond vs. individual gratification ~individualistic societies often have more divorce because they are only focused on themselves and not their spouse |
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teenagers with poor relations to their father are.... |
....especially likely toabuse tobacco, alcohol, drugs – more so than teenagerswho have had no contact with their fathers. |
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resistance |
-class resistance -power differential too great -music as a form of resistance -miscegenation(mixing..esp of people who are racially different) |
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endogamy |
marriage within a group of individuals |
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exogamy |
marriage outside of a group of individuals |
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types of post marital residences: |
-patrilocal -matrilocal -ambilocal -neolocal -avunculocal |
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patrilocal |
with the husband’s father’s relatives |
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matrilocal |
–locality associated with the wife’srelatives |
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ambilocal |
-choose either matrilocal or patrilocalresidence. |
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neolocal |
-in a location apart from either thehusband’s or the wife’s relatives |
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avunculocal |
-Residence of a married couplewith the husband’s mother’s brother |
