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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Broad-spectrum revolution
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when humans(middle east?) began to start producing food and had control over animals and plants.
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Dunbar’s Number
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theoretical cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships. These are relationships in which an individual knows who each person is, and how each person relates to every other person
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Hilly Flanks
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subtropical woodland zone that is just north of the tigris and euphrates rivers
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Maize
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corn; first domesticated in 8000 AD in tropical lowlands in southwestern Mexico
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Manioc(cassava)
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a root domesticated in the South American lowlands
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Mesoamerica
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middle america, Mexico, Guatemala, & Belize
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Mesolithic
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Middle Stone Age, whose characteristic tool type was the microlith(spear like); broad-spectrum economy
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Microliths
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minute shaped flint, typically part of a composite tool such as a spear
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Natufians
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widespread middle eastern culture, dated to between 12500 and 10500 bp; subsisted on intensive wild cereal collecting and gazelle hunting and had year round villages.
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neolithic
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new stone age; described techniques of grinding and polishing stone tools; first signs in a region area of domestication.
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Sedentism
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settled life;preceded food production in the old world and followed it in the new world
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Teosinte
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wild ancestor of maize; grows wild in southwestern mexico
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Chiefdom
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ranked society in which relations among villages as well as among individuals are unequal. smaller villages under the control of larger villages;has a two level settlement hierarchy
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Cuneiform
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early mesopotamian writing that used a stylus to write wedge shaped impressions on raw clay; latin word for wedge
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Egalitarian society
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mostly hunter-gathers; lack status distinctions besides age, gender, talents, achievements.
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empire
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mature, large territory, and expansive state
*typically (multicultural)multiethinic, multilinguistic, militaristic, and better bureaucracy system them earlier states. |
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Halafian
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(7500-6500 BP)early and widespread pottery style. first found in northern syria. refers to delicate ceramic style.period when chiefdoms first emereged
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Mesopotamia
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area between tigris and euphrates rivers. what is now southeren iraq and southwestern iran;location of first cities and states.
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Multivariate
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involving multiple factors, causes, or variables.
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Primary States
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states the arise on their own, not through contact with other state societies.
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Ranked Society
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individuals are ranked in terms of their biological closeness to the chief, but there is a continuum of status with many individuals and kin groups ranked about equally
*type of society with hereditary inequality but no social stratification |
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Settlement Hierarchy
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ranked series of communities differing in size, function, and type of building.three-level settlement hierarchy indicates state organization.
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State
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sociopolitical organization based on central government and socioeconomic stratification(a division of society into classes.)
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Stratification
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characteristic of a system with socioeconomic strata, groups that contrast in regard to social status and access to strategic resources. each stratum includes people of both sexes and all ages.
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Teotihuacán
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(100-700 AD) first state in the valley of mexico and earliest major mesoamerican empire
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Black English Vernacular
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(BEV or ebonics) american english dialect with roots in southern english. spoke by black youth and many adults in casual speech
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Call Systems
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systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. tied to environmental stimuli.
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Cultural Transmission
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basic feature of language; transmission through learning
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Daughter Languages
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languages developing out of the same parent lang, for example, french and spanish are daughter languages of latin
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Diglossia
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the existence of high(formal) and low(informal/slang) dialects of a single lang.
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Displacement
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basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present
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Ethnosemantics
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study of how speakers of certain langs. use sets of terms to organize experiences and perceptions
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Focal Vocabulary
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set of words and distinctions that are particulary important to certain groups such as types of snow to eskimos(the world love) or skiers.
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Historical Linguistics
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subdivision of linguistics that studies languages over time
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Honorifics
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a term such as Mr, or Lord used with people often by being added to there names to honor them
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Kinesics
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the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions.
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Lexicon
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vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
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Productivity
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ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers
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Protolanguage
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language ancestral to several daughter languages
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking
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Semantics
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a languages meaning system
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Style Shifts
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variations in speech in different contexts
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Subgroups
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languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related
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Universal Grammar
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theory that there are properties that all possible natural human languages have
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Achieved Status
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social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, and accomplishments, rather than ascription
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Ascribed Status
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social status that people have little or no choice about occupying
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Assimilation
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change that a minority group experience when moving to another country; eventually they assimilate enough that they are no longer considered a sub-culture
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Colonialism
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the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time
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Cultural Colonialism
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internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
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Descent
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rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of ones ancestry
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Ethnic Group
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group distinguished by cultural similarities and differences.
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Ethnicity
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identification with and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this afflication
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Ethnocide
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destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups
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Genocide
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deliberate elimination of group through mass murder
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Hypodescent
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rule that automatically laces the children of a union or mating between members of different socioconomic groups in the less privileged group.
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Multiculturalism
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the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant culture but also into an ethnic culture
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Nation
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synonym for state or nation-state
*country |
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Plural society
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a society the combines ethnic contrasts and economic interdependence of the ethnic groups
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Race
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an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
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age set
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unisex (usually male) political groups, including everyone born in a certain time span
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Big man
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head village dude:
achieved lead by example mediator authority is regional and can be more than one village |
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conflict resolution
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ways of settling conflict in stateless societies. i.e. song battle eskimos
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tribe
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economies based on nonintensive food production
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differential access
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favored access to resources by superordinates over subordinates
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stratification
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differential access by social class or strata
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wealth
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all of a person's material assets;economic
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power
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ability to control others;political
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prestige
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esteem, respect, approval;social
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pantribal sodality
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non-kin based organization that may generate cross-societal linkages
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village head
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head of village dude:
achieved lead by example mediator **limited authority! |
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law
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legal code of state society, **with trial and enforcement**
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fiscal
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finances and taxation
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social control
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those fields of the social system that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and regulation of any conflict
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hegemony
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accept being DOMINATED by superordinates
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hidden transcript
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critque of power that goes on offstage, where power holder cant see it
*talking shit behind bosses back |
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public transcript
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public interaction between supers. and subs.
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