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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Broad-spectrum revolution
when humans(middle east?) began to start producing food and had control over animals and plants.
Dunbar’s Number
theoretical cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships. These are relationships in which an individual knows who each person is, and how each person relates to every other person
Hilly Flanks
subtropical woodland zone that is just north of the tigris and euphrates rivers
Maize
corn; first domesticated in 8000 AD in tropical lowlands in southwestern Mexico
Manioc(cassava)
a root domesticated in the South American lowlands
Mesoamerica
middle america, Mexico, Guatemala, & Belize
Mesolithic
Middle Stone Age, whose characteristic tool type was the microlith(spear like); broad-spectrum economy
Microliths
minute shaped flint, typically part of a composite tool such as a spear
Natufians
widespread middle eastern culture, dated to between 12500 and 10500 bp; subsisted on intensive wild cereal collecting and gazelle hunting and had year round villages.
neolithic
new stone age; described techniques of grinding and polishing stone tools; first signs in a region area of domestication.
Sedentism
settled life;preceded food production in the old world and followed it in the new world
Teosinte
wild ancestor of maize; grows wild in southwestern mexico
Chiefdom
ranked society in which relations among villages as well as among individuals are unequal. smaller villages under the control of larger villages;has a two level settlement hierarchy
Cuneiform
early mesopotamian writing that used a stylus to write wedge shaped impressions on raw clay; latin word for wedge
Egalitarian society
mostly hunter-gathers; lack status distinctions besides age, gender, talents, achievements.
empire
mature, large territory, and expansive state
*typically (multicultural)multiethinic, multilinguistic, militaristic, and better bureaucracy system them earlier states.
Halafian
(7500-6500 BP)early and widespread pottery style. first found in northern syria. refers to delicate ceramic style.period when chiefdoms first emereged
Mesopotamia
area between tigris and euphrates rivers. what is now southeren iraq and southwestern iran;location of first cities and states.
Multivariate
involving multiple factors, causes, or variables.
Primary States
states the arise on their own, not through contact with other state societies.
Ranked Society
individuals are ranked in terms of their biological closeness to the chief, but there is a continuum of status with many individuals and kin groups ranked about equally

*type of society with hereditary inequality but no social stratification
Settlement Hierarchy
ranked series of communities differing in size, function, and type of building.three-level settlement hierarchy indicates state organization.
State
sociopolitical organization based on central government and socioeconomic stratification(a division of society into classes.)
Stratification
characteristic of a system with socioeconomic strata, groups that contrast in regard to social status and access to strategic resources. each stratum includes people of both sexes and all ages.
Teotihuacán
(100-700 AD) first state in the valley of mexico and earliest major mesoamerican empire
Black English Vernacular
(BEV or ebonics) american english dialect with roots in southern english. spoke by black youth and many adults in casual speech
Call Systems
systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. tied to environmental stimuli.
Cultural Transmission
basic feature of language; transmission through learning
Daughter Languages
languages developing out of the same parent lang, for example, french and spanish are daughter languages of latin
Diglossia
the existence of high(formal) and low(informal/slang) dialects of a single lang.
Displacement
basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present
Ethnosemantics
study of how speakers of certain langs. use sets of terms to organize experiences and perceptions
Focal Vocabulary
set of words and distinctions that are particulary important to certain groups such as types of snow to eskimos(the world love) or skiers.
Historical Linguistics
subdivision of linguistics that studies languages over time
Honorifics
a term such as Mr, or Lord used with people often by being added to there names to honor them
Kinesics
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions.
Lexicon
vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
Productivity
ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers
Protolanguage
language ancestral to several daughter languages
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking
Semantics
a languages meaning system
Style Shifts
variations in speech in different contexts
Subgroups
languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related
Universal Grammar
theory that there are properties that all possible natural human languages have
Achieved Status
social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, and accomplishments, rather than ascription
Ascribed Status
social status that people have little or no choice about occupying
Assimilation
change that a minority group experience when moving to another country; eventually they assimilate enough that they are no longer considered a sub-culture
Colonialism
the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time
Cultural Colonialism
internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
Descent
rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of ones ancestry
Ethnic Group
group distinguished by cultural similarities and differences.
Ethnicity
identification with and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this afflication
Ethnocide
destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups
Genocide
deliberate elimination of group through mass murder
Hypodescent
rule that automatically laces the children of a union or mating between members of different socioconomic groups in the less privileged group.
Multiculturalism
the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant culture but also into an ethnic culture
Nation
synonym for state or nation-state
*country
Plural society
a society the combines ethnic contrasts and economic interdependence of the ethnic groups
Race
an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
age set
unisex (usually male) political groups, including everyone born in a certain time span
Big man
head village dude:
achieved
lead by example
mediator
authority is regional and can be more than one village
conflict resolution
ways of settling conflict in stateless societies. i.e. song battle eskimos
tribe
economies based on nonintensive food production
differential access
favored access to resources by superordinates over subordinates
stratification
differential access by social class or strata
wealth
all of a person's material assets;economic
power
ability to control others;political
prestige
esteem, respect, approval;social
pantribal sodality
non-kin based organization that may generate cross-societal linkages
village head
head of village dude:
achieved
lead by example
mediator
**limited authority!
law
legal code of state society, **with trial and enforcement**
fiscal
finances and taxation
social control
those fields of the social system that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and regulation of any conflict
hegemony
accept being DOMINATED by superordinates
hidden transcript
critque of power that goes on offstage, where power holder cant see it
*talking shit behind bosses back
public transcript
public interaction between supers. and subs.