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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First towns arose around
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10,000 years agoin Middle East
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Çatalhöyük
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*Anatolia (Turkey)
*8000-7000 B.P. *10,000 people *Largest settlement of the Neolithic *Residents operated in family groups without *apparent political elite *Basic SW Asian Neolithic diet (wheat,barley, peas, almonds, acorns, sheep,cattle, wild game?) |
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Çatalhöyük Trade
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Export: Obsidian
Import: flint (Syria),shells (Mediterranean),copper? |
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Çatalhöyük Craft production
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Stone figurines, tools, vessels, beads (also copper & lead), Woven textiles, Pottery, Grinding equipment & other tools, Ochre & other pigments
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Çatalhöyük Religion
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40 shrines
Repainting of walls Aurochs imagery Statues Burial beneath floors Complex belief system Time-consuming practices Ritual practices at a more personal level (e.g.practically at home, rather than in a temple &no central control) |
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Social status
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Hunter-gatherers = egalitarian
Early villages & towns = egalitarian Early states = socially stratified |
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Surplus Production
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The production of amounts of food thatexceed the basic subsistence needs of thepopulation.
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Occupational Specialization
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Specialization in various occupations (e.g.,weaving or pot making) or in new social roles(e.g., king or priest) that are found in sociallycomplex societies.
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Social Stratification
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A form of social organization in whichpeople have unequal access to wealth,power, and prestige.
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class
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A ranked group within a hierarchicallystratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth,occupation, or other economic criteria.
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Complex Societies
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Societies with large populations, an extensivedivision of labor, and occupationalspecialization.
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The Origin of the State
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State: - Form of social and political organizationwith formal, central government and socialstratification
*Chiefdoms precursors to states *State formation has generalized ratherthan universal causes |
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Attributes of States
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*Controls specific territories (& armies)
*Productive farming economies *Used tribute and taxation (& bureaucracy) *Stratified into social classes *Imposing public buildings and monumentalarchitecture *Developed some form of record-keepingsystem |
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State Formation in the MiddleEast: Mesopotamia
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*“cradle of civilization”
*(6000-5200 B.P.) *Writing developed to keep accounts(cuneiform) *Writing and temples key roles in Mesopotamian economy *Temples managed herding, farming,manufacture, storage, trade *Large scale foodproduction *Trade and travel *Cities & kings *Specialized labour *Social stratification |
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Rise of Social Elites
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*Luxury goods
*Elaborate burial *Monumental architecture |
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Mesopotamia - Cuneiform
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*Used to keep accounts
-E.g. Connected to trade *Both Sumerian and Akkadian were writtenin cuneiform *Seems to have started in Sumer (S.Mesopotamia) |
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Mesopotamia – Religion
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*Massive temples (ziggurats )
*Investment of time and labour *Placed in the city centre *Stratification of access |
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domestication
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- human interference with the reproduction of another species with the result that specific plant and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them
- Domestication meant survival in marginalzones |
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Sedentism
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The process of increasingly permanenthuman habitation in one place.
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Consequences ofdomestication and sedentism
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*Land becomes property
*Population increases *Environmental changes *Inter-dependency of plants & people *Susceptible to crop failure *Labour intensive *Vermin, nutritional deficiencies & disease |
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Prior to domestication, ________ haddensest human population
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Hilly Flanks zone
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Neolithic
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first cultural period in region in which first signs of domestication are present
began with domestication of plants 10,300 years ago |
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Neolithic Revolution:
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transition from hunting/gathering to farming (G. Childe)
- Sedentism - Village/town life -Labour diversification - Expansion of trade - Development of states |
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Neolithiceconomy
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*required settling down
*Required several species of plants andanimals - Environment (Middle East) - Genetic changes to crops *Not universal and not simultaneous |
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the Neolithic Geography and the Spread of Food Production
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*Most crops in Eurasia domesticated once andspread rapidly in east-west direction
-Common day lengths -Similar climates *Environmental barriers kept Neolithic societiesmore separate in the Americas, the MiddleEast, and Africa |
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The Natufians
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*Foragers in Middle East (southwest asia)
*12,500-10,500 B.P. *Collected wild grains & hunted gazelles *Needed storage and therefore established villages *Hilly Flanks zone *Became sedentary *Began to cultivate grains *social stratification (Chiefdoms) |
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earliest town?
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Jericho - Associated with Natufian foragers
Long-distance trade, especially ofobsidian, important between 9500 and7000 B.P. built 4 meter stone walls to protect from floods |
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The First Farmers and Herdersin the Middle East
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*Around 11,000 B.P. – drier climate, zone ofabundant wild grains shrank
*People adopted new subsistence strategy,including food production Seasonal migrations and trade linked zones Movement of people, animals, and productswas a precondition for the emergence offood production |
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Domestication of plants and animals creates
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niche construction
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Domesticated crops:
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*Larger seeds
*Higher yield per unit of area *Loss of natural seeddispersal mechanisms *Tougher connectivetissue (axes) holdingseedpods to the stem *More brittle husks |
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what led to new kinds of grains?
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Mutations, genetic recombinations, andhuman selection
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Domesticated animals
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*Smaller than wild animals *Other traits selected by humans(e.g., woollycoats in sheep) |
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What are the Signs of Animal Domestication?
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*Animals outside their natural range
*Physical changes in animal shape and size *Abrupt increase in animal numbers in onelocation *Increased numbers of males killed for meat |
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Six stages of animaldomestication
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1) Random hunting
2) Controlled hunting- selective hunting of herds 3) Herd following - as herd moves, people move 4) Loose herding - control herd movements 5)Close herding - animals mobility limited, gene pool managed 6) Factory farming - intervention in all aspects of animals life |
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egalitarian social relations
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social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another
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monumental architecture
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architectural contractions of a greater than human scale
ex) pyramids |
