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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviour surrounding food is affected by:
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- Environment
- Economics - Pollution - Social Organization - Belief systems |
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What is the definition of biological anthropology?
What are it's areas of study? |
Human biological origins, evolution and variation
Areas of study: - Primatology - Paleoanthropology - Bioarchaeology |
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Sociocultural Anthropology
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- Social patterns and practices across cultures
- Similarities and differences, both within and among societies - |
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Culture
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Learned thought and behaviour passed from one generation to the next
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Cultural Relativism
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All cultures are valid
* Culture is not a static thing, it is always evolving! |
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Universals of Human Food Use
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- Omnivorous diet
- Cooking food (Boiling, roasting, frying, steaming) - Food preparation - Elaborate systems of food distribution, sharing, exchange - Food prohibitions |
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What are nutrients?
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- Substances in food necessary to maintain life
- They provide energy, contribute to structure, and regulate biological processes |
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Australopithecus afarensis
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- Discovered 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia
- Lucy! - Shows same forward curvature as in modern hominids - Important indicator of stature and orientation of locomotion |
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Australopithecines
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- Large blunt teeth (hard brittle foods)
- No shearing crests - Would not be eating tough foods - Might have had some difficulty processing meat - Gracile vs. Robust: -Gracile = more delicate features - Robust has a larger skulls/ more rugged feautures |
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Homo habilis
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- Increased cranial size and complexity, facial reduction
- Face less robust than Australopithecines - Large incisors, reduced canines and premolars - Increase in relative brain size |
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Oldowan Toolkit
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The first recognized stone tools
- The earliest likely representative of H. habilis from later Hada deposits of 2.4 mys are found in association with stone tools * CHOPPER= smooth, round cobblestone of oblong rock given a rough cutting edge |
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Acheulian Toolkit
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- Acheulian tool tradition associated mostly with AFRICAN H. erectus
- First appeared ~ 1.5 mya - cutting, scraping, piercing, chopping and pounding tools |
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What is the "Expensive Tissue Hypothesis"?
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Argues that Homo must have increased meat consumption in order to sustain massive growth in brain relative to body size
- Human brains require more energy at a resting state than Australopithecines! |
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What is the explanation behind the "Expensive Tissue Hypothesis"?
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- In animals, the metabolic rate is not evenly distributed among its tissues
- The gut, the heart, the liver, the kidneys, and the brain are all referred to as "expensive tissues" - Every organ has its own individual metabolic rate |
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What is the "Energetics and the Evolution of Human Brain Size"?
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The antithesis of the "expensive tissue hypothesis"
- There is no negative correlation between brain size and gut size in ANY mammalian taza - Strong negative correlation between brain size and adipose tissue (certain humans are an exception to this rule) |
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The Paleolithic
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Refers to period from ~mya to 17,000 ya ("Old Stone Age")
- Includes all species of Homo |
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What are two ways to reconstruct the Paleolithic Diet?
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Ethnographic Analogy
- What can we learn through studying modern hunter-gatherer diets? The Paleolithic Prescription - Is it applicable to modern humans? How has it influences modern trends in diets? |
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Problems with Ethnographic Models (Modern Hunter-Gatherer Groups)
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- They are NOT completely isolated
- Have their own unique cultural attributes - Not "living fossils" - May not reflect one universal behavioural pattern from prehistory - Modern Hunter-Gatherers live in marginal areas; may not have been the case in the past |
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!Kung San
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- Gathering vegetable foods provides majority of energy intake
- Traditionally adequate with minimal effort - Women as gatherers, important contributors to overall energy intake - "Gatherer-Hunter"= destroyed "Man the Hunter" view |
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The Paleolithic Prescription
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- Popularized in 1970's by gastroenterologist Walter Voegtlin
- Based on evolutionary medicine Premise = humans are genetically adapted to the diet of their Paleolithic ancestors - Are we maladapted to our current diet? - Is this why we suffer from chronic diseases? |
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Mesolithic
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Culture period between Paleolithic and Neolithic
- Extinction of many large game species - Broad spectrum revolution - Less nomadism |
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What happened during the Neolithic?
(in terms of agriculture) |
- The origins of agriculture
- Fertile Crescent: The Cradle of civilization |
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Wheat
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- Cereal Grain
- Origin = Levant region near Ethiopian Highlands - Could be easily cultivated on a large scale - Yields harvests that provide long-term storage of food - Domesticated wheat grains are larger |
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Maize
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- Domesticated version of teosinte
- Staple food in the Andean region (along with squash, potato and beans) |
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Domestication of plants appearing ~ 12,000 ya
(Where?) |
The Middle East = Barley, wheat, peas, lentils
China = Millet, rice Mesoamerica= Peppers, squash, beans, corn, potatoes |
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Agriculture: Oasis hypothesis
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- Popularized by Verne Gordon Childe (1928)
- As the climate became drier, communities congregated towards oases - Forced into close association with animals, which were then domesticated together with seeds * This theory has little support |
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Agriculture: Hilly Flanks Theory
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Robert Braidwood (1948)
- Theory that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of southern Turkey - Happened in mountains where fertile land could support a variety of plants and animals |
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Agriculture: Population Pressure Hypothesis
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Carl Sauer
- Increasingly sedentary population expanded up to the carrying capacity of the local environment - Various social and economic factors helped to drive the need for food |
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Cons for Agriculture: Why nutritional status may depreciate due to agriculture
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- Dependance on monocrops
- Potential for crop failure - Uneven food distribution |
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Diseases/ Disorders due to nutritional stress (as seen on skeletal remains)
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Rickets
Osteomalacia Porotic hyperostosis Cribra orbitalia Harris lines Dental caries Stature (inferred from length of long bones) |
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Rickets
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- Vitamin D deficiency
- Softening of bones in children, due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of Vit. D - Potentially leads to fractures + deformity |
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Porotic Hyperostosis + Cribra Orbitalia
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Lesions seen on thinner bones of the body (and skull)
- Form in response to nutritional deficiency In the case of Anemia: - Homeostasis steps up productoin of RBC's - Marrow expands at expense of outer layer |
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Harris Lines
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(Also known as Growth Arrest Lines)
- Lines of increased bone density that represent the position of the growth plate at the time of insult to the organism - Formed on the long bones due to an arrest in growth - During times of stress, bone mineralization continues, but the growth does not - If the stressor is overcome, bone growth will resume, resulting in a line of INCREASED mineral density |
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Linear Enamel Hypoplasia
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- General indicator of stress during growth + development
- Developmental change in response to systematic physiological stress - Deficiency in enamel thickness |
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What is some evidence indicating a decline in nutritional status due to the onset of agriculture?
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- Decline in average stature from Mesolithic to Neolithic
- Studies of aboriginal peoples in North America show an increase in skeletal pathologies for intense maize cultivators vs. hunter-gatherers |
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Diseases associated with dependence on grain cereals
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Pellagra
- deficiency of niacin + protein - Characterized by a distinct rash, diarrhea + mental disturbances Beriberi - Milling and washing of rice to make it white removes the vitamins - Deficiency of thiamine (inflammation of nerves) Ergotism - Caused by a fungus that infects grain - Characterized by convulsions - May also cause gangrene and loss of appendages |
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What caused agricultural production to increase?
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- Crop rotation
- Use of fertilizers - Commercial seed production - Winter feeding of animals - Improved transportation routes |
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The Importance of Fertilizers:
Six macronutrients |
Nitrogen
Phosphorous Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulfur |
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The Importance of Fertilizers:
Seven mironutrients: |
Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc
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The "Green Revolution"
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Began after WWII
- New high yielding crop varieties - Fertilizers + pesticides |
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PRO's of the Green Revolution
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World grain supplies increased
- Countries that had regular famines prior to green revolution now hold grain reserves in supply for lean years |
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CON's of the Green Revolution
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- Technology is not spread evenly
- Many subsistence farmers can't afford to buy seeds, fertilizers, equipment - AFRICA benefitted LEAST - |
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Environmental costs of the Green Revolution
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- Environmental degradation: 1/4 of all agricultural nitrogen leaches into groundwater
- Loss of biodiversity |
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PRO's of Agribusiness
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Efficiency
- Enables more people to get away from food production - Food is regulated by government |
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CON's of Agribusiness
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Farmers at the mercy of world markets :(
Yield and profit are paramount- must compete using latest technologies |
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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Mad Cow
- Progressive and fatal nervous system disorder How it happened: - Mixed Offal is rendered using high temperatures and fed to other animals as bonemeal - Thought that prion is not destroyed by high temperatures |
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Delocalization:
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Processes in which food varieties, production methods and consumption patterns are disseminated through the world in an ever-increasing network of socioeconomic and political interdependency
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A commodity has:
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Use value and economic value
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Food Processing:
Advantages for Industrialization for Nutrition |
Improved nutrition has been seen in secular height trends
- Food can be enhanced by fortification - Can be transported over long distances = decreased famine - Can lead to an increase in food variety |
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Food Processing:
Disadvantages of Food Industrialization |
Food can be adulterated/ contaminated
- Food may have hidden fats/ sugars/ salts - Some foods become replacements for high quality foods - Can lead to cash cropping/ decreased food variety |
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Humans are able to biologically adapt to the foods to themselves by what means?
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Humans are able to adapt food to themselves by changing the ways of procuring and preparing food
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Milking Populations
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Northern + Central Europe
South Asia, Tibet, Mongolia Pastoralist populations in Africa Circumpolar peoples in Siberia (REINDEER) |
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What are THREE reasons for populations to not adopt dairying?
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Ecological reasons (inhospitability of climate)
Cultural Reasons (Distaste, regulations) Biological (Lactose intolerance) |
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What is the "Cultural-Historical" Hypothesis put forth by Simoons (1974)?
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Certain groups produced dairy products in high amounts
- Processed foods like yogurt and cheese first, and then moved onto unprocessed milk - Certain individuals had the ability to digest lactose without distress - Through natural selection, this alele increased in the population |
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Organoleptic properties
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Factors that affect the senses
(Taste, Smell, Texture, Appearance) |
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Where are fried tarantulas eaten? (and why)
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Cambodia
- People suffered from famine - Tarantulas were taken advantage of as a form of food substitute |
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Where is Putrefied Shark eaten? (and why)
(and how is it made) |
Iceland
- Greenland shark is full of urea and other toxins - It is therefore left to rot so that the urea decays out of the meat - Icelandic people believe that it was one of the foods that their ancestors ate * If you're able to eat it, it means you are hearty and strong |
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What is Food Complementarity?
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When we mix two or more different foods to make complete proteins
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What is the nutritional complementarity of Beans and Maize?
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The beans provide a high protein food and the corn a high energy food
- Beans + legumes are rich in essential amino acids that are deficient in corn (leucine + lysine) - Corn is rich in amino acids that are deficient in beans |
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What is Ecological Complementarity?
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Two crops, when grown together in a polycropping system are complementary ecologically as well
Example: Corn provides stalks for climbing beans, the broad leaf beans cover soil between the more vertically oriented corn |
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What was the "Pure Food Movement"?
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Mid to late 1800's
- Was the first food movement - Influenced by women's movement Cleaned up slaughterhouses, worker conditions and animal treatment - Lead to 1906 Pure Food Act in the U.S (not successful) |
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What was the "Slow Food Movement"?
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- Protesting the building of a McDonalds in Rome
- International movement founded in Italy by Carlo Petrini - Alternative to fast food - Preserve traditional cuisine - Plant and raise local species in their ecosystem - Promotes sustainable food and local businesses |
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What is Food Sovereignty?
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Advocated by various groups of people
- Food production should be in the hands of people rather than international corporations - FOOD IS A HUMAN RIGHT - Food and food sharing is an important aspect of group cohesion |
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Diet
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The intake of nutritional components like proteins, carbohydrates, ect
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Cuisine
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Particular styles of food preparation and cooking
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Foodways
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Shared cuisine, eating styles, and behaviours common to a group of people
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Aspects of Food and Culture:
Production |
Not only what is produced, but WHO is producing it
How are tasks divided in relation to age, gender, social status, and specialization |
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Aspects of Food and Culture:
Preparation |
Who is doing the processing and cooking
- The methods of preparation can be critical in defining distinct roles and foodways |
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Theories to Explain Food Taboos
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- Protection against diseases
- Ecological/ materialist theories ?? |
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What are the two types of food taboos?
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Apply to all individuals of a culture
Applied to a subset of individuals in a culture |
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Food is:
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- Sustenance + symbol
- Biological need and material culture - Food is linked to status + power - Classification + rules about food are part of major cultures around the world |
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What is ritual?
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- A series of actions
that are constantly repeated - Ritual events are stylized, repetitive and stereotyped - Convey information part of ritual behaviour |
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What started (and perpetuated) the famine in Malawi?
(as seen in Malawi: a Nation Going Hungry) |
1. It is heavily indebted
- Through an agreement with the IMF, they abolished food subsidies - The IMF suggested that Malawi privatize food production, (Malawi said no), - Malawi was cut off from food subsidies - Government relies on other countries to make their economic and political decisions 2. Poor weather for growing crops 3. Ecological degradation |
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___ million people do not have enough to eat
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925 million
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Asia + the Pacific region is home to over half of the world's population, and nearly ___ of the world's hungry people
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Contains nearly two thirds of the world's hungry people
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Vitamin A deficiencies kill ___ million infants a year
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1 million
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What is the most prevalent form of malnutrition worldwide?
- How many people does this affect? |
Iron deficiency
Affects ~ 2 billion people |
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What is Malnutrition?
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Any kind of poor nutrition, including too much food, too little food, or an improper balance of nutrients
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Measuring undernutrition:
Severe or acute: "Wasting" |
Low weight for height
Wasting results from inadequate nutrition over a shorter period of time |
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Measuring undernutrition:
Chronic: "Stunting" |
May be appropriate weight for age, but low height for age
- Stunting results form chronic undernutrition, which retards linear growth |
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What is the "Small but Healthy" Hypothesis?
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Proposed by David Seckler (1980)
- Proposed that children who were stunted but not wasted should NOT be considered malnourished: - consider children in their OWN ecological context |
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What are some problems about the Small but Healthy Hypothesis?
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There is no evidence that slow and lower growth is without costs:
- Increased maternal mortality - Possible mental retardation - Lower work capacity (due to smaller stature) |
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What is famine?
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- Phenomenon specific to sedentary, state societies
- Unlike seasonal food reduction in hunter-gatherer populations - Thought of as a natural disaster |
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In order to prevent famine, a country needs:
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- Adequate reserves of food
- Good redistribution - Transportation of food |
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What happens during prolonged starvation?
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- Early stages: marked loss of body fat
- BMR reduces - Ketosis |
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What is Ketosis?
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Condition in which levels of ketones in the blood are elevated due to the breakdown of specific fats in the liver
Can lead to organ damage |
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Symptoms of Keytosis
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Mild ketosis = bad breath
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Macronutrient Deficiencies
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Protein Energy Malnutrition
- Most detrimental form of malnutrition Symptoms: - Dry, brittle, reddish hair - Ridging on nails - Cracking of skin - Growth retardation |
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Marasmus
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Severe protein-energy malnutrition caused by starvation
- Severe emaciation (tissue & muscle wasting) - Irritability |
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Kwashiorkor
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Diet with adequate energy but low protein intake of low quality
- Identified by edema feet - Distended abdomen - Thin, sparse hair - Loss of teeth |
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How many children world wide are affected by PEM (Protein-energy malnutrition)
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-PEM affects 1 in 4 children worldwide
- More than 7% of PEM children live in Asia - 26% in Africa |
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Vitamin A Deficiencies
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- Required for normal vision + functioning of skin cells
- Symptoms: Night blindness, cataracts, eventual full blindness * Can be cured very easily |
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Vitamin C Decficiencies
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Pain + swelling in joints + limbs
- Gums become sore, spongy + bleed |
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Vitamin D Deficiencies
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- Causes rickets
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Iron Deficiencies
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Essential element in hemoglobin
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Symptoms of Iron Deficiency
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- Fatigue
- Loss of colour - |
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Iodine Deficiency
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goiters!
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What is the Thrifty Genome?
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Idea developed to explain prevalence of an apparently detrimental disease (diabetes) among Aboriginal groups
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Thrifty Phenotype
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- Infants born at low birth weight (state of malnutrition for mother + child) are at a greater risk later in life for obesity + associated diseases
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When did Canada's first food bank open?
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Around the Great Depression
- Canada's food bank system developed in direct response to household food insecurity in the 1980's |
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Critiques of the Emergency Food Sector
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- Unsustainable, a bandaid solution
- Based on precarious funding, volunteer efforts - Diverts energy from addressing the root cause of food insecurity |
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Good Food Gap
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The various and interconnected ways in which our food system is not meeting the needs of all thos who rely on it
* The needs of the poor and rich are being met in different ways |
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Child hunger in Canada
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- Canada is ranked high in UN Human Development Index
- Child Hunger is growing in Canada (main cause = poverty) -1 in 5 children live in a household that is impoverished |
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An excess of body fat that results in a significant impairment on health |
Obesity
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What are the problems with the definition of obesity?
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- How do you define significant impairment of health?
- What is considered to be "obese" in the western culture may be entirely different from the same in a different culture |
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Body Mass Index
What do[es] a BMI of: 25 25-29.9 30 indicate? |
Weight in kg divided by the square of one's height in m
25 = overweight 25-29.9 = pre-obese 30 = obese |
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What causes Obesity?
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Superficially, obesity is caused by caloric intake which exceeds the individual's capacity to burn it
- Current research demonstrates that obesity is the result of complex interactions between genetic, environmental, psychosocial and cultural factors |
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Health Consequences of obesity
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- Has been linked to several serious medical conditions
- Also associated with higher rates of certain types of cancer |
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Psychological and Social Consequences of Obesity?
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One of the most painful aspects of obesity may be the emotional suffering it causes
Face prejudice + discrimination in social situations |
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What is the general association between Socioeconomic Status and Obesity?
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In developed countries, tendency towards inverse correlation between obesity and SES
Causal Mechanisms= periods of under + over consumption |
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Diabetes mellitus Type 1
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Diabetes type I is induced by a combination of genetic susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger and exposure to a driving antigen
- Age at onset: < 20 years - Rapid development of symptoms - 10% of diabetics - Treatment = insulin injections |
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Diabetes mellitus Type 2
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Age at onset: over 40 years
- Slow development of symptoms - 90% of disbetics - Treatment= diet + excercise |
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Nutritional Anthropology is fundamentally concerned with: __?
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understanding the biological and social forces in shaping human food use an the nutritional status of individuals + populations
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What was Shipman's discovery, pertaining to the hunting past of Plio-Pleistocene hominids?
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The general consensus was that human ancestors have always been great hunters.
Shipman discovered that on the contrary, early hominids (such as H. habilis), were scavengers for a long time before evolving the capacity to make stone tools to hunt with |
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Population increase and _____ ___ almost always occur simultaneously
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Population increase and agricultural intensification almost always occur simultaneously
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Subsistence strategies and food consumption have changed more quickly than our ___
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Subsistence strategies and food consumption have changed more quickly than our digestive systems
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What was the primary food staple for hominid ancestors in the Miocene era?
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Fruit!
(although their dental fossils show suitability for both animal + vegetable) |
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True/ False:
Not only is there more fat in domesticated animals, its composition is different |
TRUE!
Wild game contains over five times more polyunsaturated fat per gram than is found in domesticated livestock |
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Why are Northern bands (such as Inuit) a special case in the Hunter-Gatherer realm?
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Most of their food is obtained through hunting
- This is due to the low amount of available vegetables in the tundra! |
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How has delocalization affected less developing countries?
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Tended to produce less positive effects
Dietary quality ^ for elites, down for the poor majority |
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What are the Three Major Processes of Dietary Change?
(Pelto & Pelto) |
1. A world-wide dissemination of domesticated plant + animal varieties
2. The rise of increasingly complex, international food distribution networks and the growth of food processing industries 3. Migration of people from rural to urban centres |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "The Biocultural Perspective in Nutritional Anthropology"? |
- Nutritional anthropology is fundamentally concerned with understanding the interrelationships of BIOLOGICAL and SOCIAL forces in shaping human food use
- Universals in Human Food Use: - Omnivorous - Cooking/Preparation/ Alteration - Elaborate systems |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "The Quest for Food"? |
- For well over 99 % of our time on Earth, humans have subsisted by foraging
- Dental fossils reveal that Australopithecines has flat teeth needed for grinding tough food - |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: " Scavenger Hunt"? |
- Pat Shipman's discovery that early hominids were not hunters but gatherers and scavengers
- Looked at cut + teeth marks on bones + inferred that the teeth marks were made earlier (therefore they could not have made the kill) |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Agriculture: The Great Revolution"? |
- By evolutionary standards, the adoption of agriculture happened very quickly
- China: rice, millet, pigs - Mesoamerica: peppers, squash, beans, corn - Andes: potato, llamas - Agriculture changed ecology and culture * Is it any more valid to think we are adapted to a Paleolithic rather than and Eocene diet? (rich in insects) |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Disease and Death at Dr. Dickson's Mounds"? |
- Hunter-Gatherers lives along the Illinois River Valley
- Ate wild things (animals, plants, berries) - Agriculture was introduced and the morphologies of the skeletons quickly changed (for the worse) - Bone lesions, degenerative diseases, dental defects - Porotic hyperostosis (due to anemia) - Decreased rate of growth |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Paleolithic Nutrition.."? |
- Talking about the Paleolithic equivalents to diets today
- Wild game is A LOT healthier than conventional raised cattle (specifically in fat content, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids) - Homo ate a lot of plants + fruit (contrary to popular belief) |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Junk Food Monkeys"? |
- There were baboons that lived in this sanctuary; they lived happily
- Eventually, there was a garbage dump that dumped all of the refuse and old food into the forest - The monkeys got into this and ate it - They eventually succumbed to some sort of disease from eating the food, and preceded to die |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Food For All"? |
- Famine is perennial in Brazil
- Biotech companies are interested in the developing world because people need jobs and farmers need seeds - Pros + Cons of the biotechnological revolution |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Diet + Delocalization.."? |
- During the past two centuries, virtually all of the populations in the world have experienced dramatic changes in their dietary patterns
1. The general direction of transformations in food use throughout the world has evolved a delocalization of food production + distribution 2. In industrialized nations, delocalization has been related to an increased diversity of foods 3. In less developed countries, the same processes have had the opposite effect - Sugar has played a large role in the development of world economies - People in Finland have only recently delocalized their diet |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Time, Sugar, and Sweetness"? |
- Sugar has played a very large part in history
- Until the 17th century, people did not widely use sugar - Sugar was used as a medicine, sweetener, food, preservative |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Traditional Maize Processing Techniques.." |
- Three agricultural revolutions have occurred within the last 10,000 years
- Corn is deficient in lysine + tryptophan - Corn tortillas are made by heating dried corn with a lime solution (which selectively enhances the nutritional value) - Without the alkali processing of tortillas, there would be a CONSIDERABLE degree of malnutrition in societies where maize is the main staple - |
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What is the single largest crop in the United States?
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Corn
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Genetic Variability and Lactose Intolerance"? |
- Lactose malabsorption is closely correlated with ethnic origin
- Danes, Finns, Dutch, French, Northern Italians, Greeks are ALL lactose absorbers - MOST people on Earth are actually malabsorbers - Malabsorbers = "wild type" - Digestor = mutant type |
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What is the Cultural-Historical Hypothesis?
(Lactose Malabsorption) |
- Suggests that those peoples whose origins lie in the traditionally milk-drinking regions of the world are likely have become (by selection), lactose ABSORBERS, while people whose origins lie elsewhere would never have acquired this capacity
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Well Grounded Diet"? |
- Eating clay has been a pretty normal phenomenon over the last few centuries
- In some instances, the clay mitigates the toxicity in both cassava and certain other seeds/ nuts |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "You Are What You Eat..Religion..." |
Talking about health-food movements as if they were religious movements
- Health foods = mana - Junk foods = taboo - Starting to eat healthily is akin to transitioning to another religion (learn rules, learn the reasons, practice rituals) |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: " India's Sacred Cow"? |
- The practice of not eating beef in India is the result of a utilitarian view
- The cow is more useful for milking, manure, and work (than it is to obtain nutrients from it) - Some people in India STILL DO eat meat- this is seen as a taboo |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Japanese Mothers + Obentos"? |
- Obento boxes are boxed lunches that mothers prepare for their young children for lunch at preschool
- Both the child and the mother are placed under social pressures resulting from the manufacture + consumption of these Obento Boxes - Mothers are judged on the basis of how physically and visually appealing the lunch is - Mothers spend up to an hour preparing these lunches - Children are judged on how efficiently they eat their meal |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Iron Deficiency"? |
- Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional problem in the world today
- other tingz |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "Hunger, Malnutrition + Poverty in the U.S"? |
Although hunger anywhere is fundamentally a metabolic phenomenon with absolute dimensions, it also has important cognitive and relativistic attributes
- Hunger is closely associated with poverty - |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: " An Anthropological Perspective on Obesity?" |
- Involves both an evolutionary + cross cultural dimension
- Humans are the fattest of all mammals - Obesity has many causal linx |
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Readings:
What is the premise of: "The Pima Paradox"? |
- The Pima are world famous for being fatter than any other group in the world
- The famous "Atkins Diet" acheives its weight loss miracle by cutting out all carbs to induce ketosis (which is pretty dangerous) - Americans are getting less exercise! |
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What are the three macronutrients?
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Carbs, Fats, Proteins
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What are the three micronutrients?
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Water, vitamins, minerals
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Consequences of Agriculture (3)
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- New opportunities for zoonoses
- Sedentism (accumulation of human garbage) - High population densities = DISEASE |
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What is the main (specific) dietary staple of the !Kung San?
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Mongongo Nut
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What is thought to be the Paleolithic Diet?
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65:35 Vegetable to meat
- Low fat, polyunsaturated fat (from wild game) |
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Which three countries produce the greatest amount of GMOs?
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Canada, US, Argentina
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The Nestle Boycott
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- Nestle was unethically targeting young mothers in developing countries for infant formula
- Boycott of all Nestle products began in the 1970's - Nestle tried to reform their image by funding tingz |
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What are some Calcium rich alternative foods?
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Broccoli
Chinese Cabbage Sardines Molasses |
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What are the components of cuisine?
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1. Limited number of foods
2. Manner of preparation 3. Flavouring of foods 4. Rules; number of meals eaten per day, food taboos, ceremonial uses |
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What are the nutritional benefits of chili peppers?
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Source of Vitamins A + C
Lowers body temperature Facilitates digestion of starches, increases gastric secretion |
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What is the Fair Trade Movement?
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Social justice movement with a market based approach
- Helps cash crop producers in developing countries make a living |
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What is the general consensus for food servings? (via the Canadian Food Guide)
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5-12 servings of grain
5-10 servings of fruit 2-3 servings of meat |
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What are the anthropogenic factors contributing to the Irish Potato Famine?
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1. English conquest + colonization in 17th century
2. Irish Catholics prohibited from owning land 3. Potatoes introduced and quickly become a staple |
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What are the problems with Structural Adjustment Programs? (SAP's)
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Bank loans + development aid are witheld until a country has finalized an economic program with the IMF
The IMF demands: 1. Abolition of food + agricultural subsidies 2. Cuts in gov't spending 3. Wage controls |
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Resource Augmentation Strategies (Hunger in Canada)
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1. Seek help from relatives (31%)
2. Seek help from food banks (30%) 3. Seek help from friends (15%) 4. One member compromises intake (often the mother) |
