Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anthropology Four Subfields
|
-Sociocultural
-Archeological - Biological -Linguistic |
|
|
Culture
|
Learned and socially transmitted. Has to do with language, customs, values, mentality on issues and group formation.
THEY ARE NOT FIXED. |
|
|
The Power to Naturalize
|
Culture naturalizes point of views on different matters. They make something society constructed into social norms.
E.g. Racism, gender roles, etc. |
|
|
A Priori
|
Notes Def. assumption, things we assume are true. Google Def. : reasoning from theoretical deductions rather than observations and experiences. |
|
|
Scientific Racism
|
Flawed and no longer used by the anthropology community. Racial categories to classify people. Using race as a unit of analysis.
|
|
|
Race and Colonialism
|
Race made it easy to have slaves in colonies because it made slaves seem like a different species and unlike them. |
|
|
Science and Culture
|
People justify social stereotypes if they can get any form of data to somewhat justify it, occurs in Scientific Racism.
|
|
|
Linneaus
|
- 1735 he had plants, animals, and included humans categorized. Started categorizing people as different homosapiens. e.g. (asiaticus fucus, africanus negreus, americanus rubescens) -1700s, developed the system on homo sepiens |
|
|
Blumenbach
|
(1781) "Races" when applied to people had to with nationality.
-caucasian (white) -american (red) malay (brown) -mongolian (yellow) -ethiopian (black) |
|
|
Hooton
|
(1926 the time of columbus) THE BIG THREE
Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid |
|
|
Monogenesis & Polygenesis
|
Two theories on human origin.
- monogenesis: all human come from 1 origin and diverged to different races due to sins. - polygenesis: each race has their OWN independent origin and we are all different species. |
|
|
Race, Typologyzing, and Rank
|
Race is not a good way to analyze biological differences. Race was used as unit of analysis and ranking in typologyzing.
|
|
|
Craniometry
|
A "scientific way" to prove through measuring brains, and different areas of it, that white males were superior.
|
|
|
Robert Bean
|
Robert Bean based intelligence on frontal lobe size since frontal lobe was were "high lvls of thinking occured."
|
|
|
Paul Brocca
|
Brocca manipulated to fit his bias. Unethical research and measured brains of male prisoners and women from asylums.
|
|
|
Brocca's Hypotheses & Research
|
-Argued bigger brains were more intelligent and smaller brains were stupid.
-Then did research on foramen magnum (hole or spinal cord attaches to our brain.) -He manipulated his research with shifting results to fit his framework and ideals. |
|
|
Culture: Biological v Social Transmission
|
Culture is socially transmitted not biologically transmitted.
|
|
|
"Facts" of Human Biological Variation
-implications for Racial Typologies |
These theories and ideas have been abandoned by the anthropology community because they're invalid.
-Traits are not transmitted by race. - Parents do not pass racial types genetically to children they pass GENES to children. |
|
|
Social Races
|
A social cultural phenomena
Races vary cross-culturally and categories change throughout time. e.g. romans |
|
|
Hypodescent
|
Interracial children and the idea that their race belongs to the lower ranking race of their parents.
|
|
|
Race in Brazil and Japan
|
Japan & Brazil would discriminate against foreigner. Race changes cross culturally.
|
|
|
Race and Intelligence
- biology and environment - cultural biases |
idk, Sam figure it out.
|
|
|
IQ scores, Educational Achievement & Race
|
When a child isn't made aware of race and performance they will do the same or marginalized races may even do better.
However when made aware they will perform worse. |
|
|
Osage Indians
-IQ Scores b&w WW2 military recruits |
Osage Indians IQ scores varied between each other due to one tribe having more money, due to oil, and can afford better education system.
WW2 military recruits used IQ to keep af. am. out of the war. |
|
|
Steele and Aronson
- Race, stereotypes, and standardized test score. |
The theory that making students aware of race affects there test scores.
|
|
|
Genes
|
genes are passed to us, not culture. Our genes don't vary between us much and we are actually really closely related to chimps.
|
|
|
Clines and Breeding Populations
|
clines - gradation in a single character or gene frequency over geographic distance.
breeding populations - group of naturally interbredding individuals; used to population genetics |
|
|
Ethnicity
|
share beliefs. values, habits, customs, and norms, and a common language, religion, history, geography, kinship, and/or race |
|
|
Ethnicity Groups
|
Ethnicity groups - feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation.
|
|
|
Assimilation vs Multiculturalism
|
Assimilation - the process of change that a minority group experiences when it moves to a country where another culture dominates and minority is incorporated into the dominant culture and becomes one cultural unit.
multi. - the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable |
|
|
Discrimination: de jure and de facto
apartheid(s.a.) |
policies and practices that harm a group and it's member.
jure- legally sanctioned practices facto - not legally sanctioned practices |
|
|
Imagination and Identity
-Nationalities & Imagined Communities |
These create things like nationalism and impact one's subjectivity.
|
|
|
Social Evolution
|
based on Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution
|
|
|
Social Darwinism
|
Herbert Spencer stated this.
-Races are competing w/ each other for limited resources. -Social forms change over time, all societies can be ranked from high to low and rank order is a historical progression. |
|
|
Unilinear Evolution
|
By Lewis Henry Morgan who created evolutionary stage model that says culture evolves in a sequence.
|
|
|
Evolutionary Stages
|
There are savages, than barbarism, the civilized people.
|
|
|
Diversity and Evolutionary Stages
|
A civilian marriage is monogamous they have a phonetic album. While a barbarian practices polygamy and has agriculture and pottery. A savage has group marriages and are promiscuous hordes.
|
|
|
Critiques of Unilinear Evolution
|
it creates empirical problems and problems on what standards you are basing your comparisons on all the societies. You can't base progress on all nations by the standards of one of them.
|
|
|
Empirical Problems with Social Evolution
|
-social cultural evolution is multilinear
-histories of societies are interdependent "progress is a value laden term |
|
|
Multilinear evolution
|
-Multilinear evolution tried to solve unilinear evolution problems.
Says there are several paths of evolution. - Not all societies/cultures must stroll the same path towards "perfection" |
|
|
Cultural Diffusion
|
borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries
|
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
Taking ur cultural order and thinking its the best. That creates a problem of perspective
|
