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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Anthropology

From "anthropos" meaning humankind and "logia" the study of. Therefore, the systematic study of humankind in all times and places.

Identity

Learned personal and social types that help us learn how to belong in society. Culturally constructed.

Cultural Construct

To be shaped by cultural forces and learned behaviours.

Margaret Lock

"Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and Reinvention of Death"; Comparison of the idea of brain death between North America and Japan (routinized and clinically practiced vs. in a society with the same tech and info, not legally recognized until almost 2000 causing organ transplant to be almost impossible). Space between life and death historically and culturally constructed and fluid!

Margaret Lock Methods

Long term fieldwork: analysis of professional literature and popular representations of the subject. Extensive interviews from all perspectives (holism!).

Holism

Interdisciplinary perspective to obtain a more complete picture of culture/what is being studied

Four Subfields of Anthro

Archaeology, Cultural, Linguistic, and Physical

TWO Main features of anthro

Historical: how have different forces shaped people over time, Comparative: commonalities and differences between people

Archaeology

Study of past societies and cultures using material remains

Cultural Anthro

Study of contemporary cultures and societies (idea that behavior is transmitted and learned), uses participant obvs/intervies and ethnographies

Ethnography

A description of an aspect of culture within a society.

Linguistic Anthro

The study of the construction and use of language by people; Descriptive- how is language constructed, Sociolinguistics- relationship language and behaviour, Historical- languages changing and relating over time

Physical Anthro

The study of all aspects of biology and behavior of humans past and present; Forensic- law, Paleoanthropology- evolution thru fossil record

Jane Goodall

Famous primatoligist, studied chimpanzees in Gombe Park Tanzania

Spencer Wells

Famous for his work with the Human Genographic Project (think ANTM cycle 21)

Applied Anthro

Use of data gathered from other subfields to offer practical solutions to problems within modern society (Grant McCraken and Apple, IBM, Coke etc., Steve Paikin- chief cultural officer)

Penny Van Esterik

Studied breastfeeding in developing countries (Thailand) in 1980's. Nestle boycott: breastfeeding being marketed as bad for bbies and that it is unfeminine and immoral to be seen doing, thought needed formula to keep bby healthy but they didn't have the clean water to make it so bbies got sick and died but thru her investigation this lie was exposed!!

Culture

Shared, universal, learned- not biological/innate, can make groups of people distinct, common code of contact, attributes meaning to things (sometimes unconsciously). Differs from society to society.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to judge beliefs of one culture from one's own perspective

The Ethnocentic Fallacy

Using one's own cultural values to judge another culture with different cultural values!!

Etoro/Sambians

Group living in Papa New Guinea who practice transgenerational homosexuality as a coming of age ritual, commonly judged as pedophilia by other cultures.

Carol Delaney

"The Seed and the Soil" trying to understand why virginity testing is done in Turkey from their own cultural perspective. Since the Turkish are patrilineal the testing is done to establish paternity as everything gets passed down through the male (female must be a virgin on her wedding night or else the child might have come from another man)

Cultural Relativism

Understanding another culture from its own perspective: this can become potentially problematic- condoning human suffering

The Wari

Practice endocannibalism: eat the flesh of deceased family members and loved ones in the context of funerals, sign of respect to the person being eaten so their soul can continue living outside their body!

Nancy Scheper-Hughes

Anthropology Prof: described anthropologists as "privileged witnesses" to situations of poverty, abuse, etc. They have a sense of power as they can be the voice for less privileged people.

Multi-sited fieldwork

Connecting localized experiences with broader global issues providing multiple perspectives on a global issue. (Andrew Walsh)

Andrew Walsh

Studied the sapphire trade in Madagascar- there is sudden interest in natural sapphires on the international market- studied this interest and its effect using multi-sited fieldwork! (miners, jewelers, purchasers etc)

Representation

How various groups of people are depicted by others, including anthropologists

Napoleon Chagnon

"Yanomamo: The Fierce People": allegedly created an essentialist representations of the Yanomami as violent, aggressive, brutish, and fierce. One of the first Westerners to contact Yanomami and said to possibly have instigated conflict with his presence (1960s) British decided not to send money for health care because of this book!

Yanomani

Indigenous group of approximately 30000 in Amazonian regions of Brazil and Venezuela- historically horticulturalists (80% farmin, 10% huntin, 10% fishin) Lived in shabonos.

"Authenticity"

Common representation of tourist destinations- as untainted, unchanging, pure, timeless, non-Western. (westerners craving difference). Merely a cultural construct- assumes static culture, something that does not exist.

Philippe Bourgois

Author of "Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City"; went undercover, analysis of the poverty, violence, and crime

Hugh Brody

Studied story telling (oral histories) as the way Inuit children learn a sense of communal identity. (transmitting culture through oral narrative)

Enculturation

The process through which people learn an identity --> how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next

Lisa Mitchell and Rosalind Petchesky

Studied the politics of ultrasounds--> as a cultural practice shaping how women think of themselves as mothers. ie: calling the fetus/embryo in the ultrasound a "baby", given a picture of ultrasound to take home

Naturalizing Discourse

Thinking/talking about identities as if they are a by-product of nature/biology instead of culture.

Mosuo

(mustache suing) men have not responsibility to children, no nuclear family

Magaret Mead

Studied Samoan adolescents- discovered "teen rebellion" is cultural not biological

Homa Hoofer

Studied young Muslim women and veiling-- stressed importance of ethnography and cultural relativism- Canadian women say they wear the veil for different reasons

Marcel Mauss

Studied gift giving-- what is important is not the gift but the social ties/bonds formed through obligation- gift giving as reaffirming relationship ids

Kula Ring

Documented by Malinowski; exchange system with elite- boat to various islands and exchange gifts (dangerous)- red shell necklaces, white shell armbands- exchange as form of respect (jewllery has stories attached)

Malinowski

Modern Fieldwork Guy

Commodity vs. Gift-Giving in Western Culture

Items involve transfer of value and a counter-transfer- commodities become gifts when we appropriate and personalize them.

Potlach

BC native competative feasting and gift exchange giving/generosity as power + is competative between cheifs

Arnold Van Gennep

Coined "rights of passage"

rights of passage

rituals that accompany changes in status/id- three stages: seperation, liminality, reincorporation

Seperation

1) involves physical seperation from a group or symbolic seperation (hair cut wearing different clothes etc.)

Liminality

2) Inbetween stage-- transition between id-- develop sense of "comunitas" aka comaradery

Reincorporation

3) fully reintegrated into society with new status/id

Social Stratification

Unequal access to 1) wealth or economic resources (things that have value) 2) power (ability to persuade others and often control them), 3) prestige (respect and honour)

Conrad Kottk

Studied race in Brazil: race as a continuum rather than a fixed category (a concept known as “colourism”)—60 different categories of race based on skin colour and economic status (whiteness associated with wealth and prestige—afforded respect—however the more tan he got the different racial categorizations he was placed into, the darker he got the worse he was treated).

Susie Phipps

IDed as "black" on her passport in Louisianna because her great grandmother was black even though she was white

Race

thought of as ascribed status, BUT race is a cultural concept not biological because it has social implications and is important for anthropological study

Carl Linnaeus

father of scientific racism, five racial categories: Africans, Americanus, Asiaticus, Europeanus, Monstrosus (anyone with physical or mental disability) (formed basis of how we think about race today)

Francis Galton

late 19th centuryL “Hereditary Genius” (1867) “the genius of selected eminent men was linked to the fact that their ‘genius’ was largely inherited”


997 British men 31% eminent fathers 48% eminent sons: sets up association between behaviour and particular classifications of people- founder of eugenics: improvement of gene pool

Samuel George Morton

Compared cranial capacities of skulls representing different “racial groups”- First Nations skulls, People of African descent, and white people— found that white people have largest brain case followed by african people followed by first nations people— assumption that the larger the brain the smarter you are BUT this is obvs wrong

Jay Gould

The Mismeasure of Man” 1980’s, went back and redid Morton’s study, he went and collected the exact skulls and remeasured them, Morton was either intentionally or unintentionally manipulating his data

Dr. J. Philippe Rushton

Prof at Western — Psychology


Wrote “Race, Evolution, and Behaviour: A Life History Perspective”


did similar research to Morton (IQ, cranium capacity, lifespan, intercourse frequency, law abiding-ness etc.) Divided into “Blacks, Whites, Orientals”

John LaBruzzo

former republican state-level representative for Metarie Louisiana


after 2006, spike in people living off welfare: LaBruzzo wanted to get people off welfare and proposed that black women on welfare should be given monetary incentive to get sterilized (the fuuuuckkkk)