Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Infancy
|
Starting at 1 day old, females show greater attention to people
|
Who shows greater attention to people male or female?
|
|
|
Infancy
|
Eye contact=more in Females
Gaze averting=More in Males Memory for faces=More in Females |
|
|
|
Infancy
|
Girl infants cry longer than boys in response to the cries of other infants
|
In response to other infants
|
|
|
Toddler
|
Toddler girls respond with more prosocial (comforting) and information-seeking (what’s wrong) behaviors than boys who are more indifferent!
|
Comforting and what wrong behavior
|
|
|
Infancy
|
Girls:
-maintain physical contact more when in distress -Maintain face-to-face communication with mothers more |
When in distress and and face to face contact
|
|
|
Infancy
|
Boys:
-orient more towards objects than faces |
Objects
|
|
|
Toddler
|
By 18 months, categorize some activities as male- or female-typical and talk about these by 2 years of age
|
difference between sex related activities
|
|
|
Toddler
|
By 3 yrs, clear preference for same-sex social groups and sex-typed toys!
|
|
|
|
Toddler
|
Girls and boys separate into same-sex play groups regardless of activity or upbringing!
|
|
|
|
Toddler
|
Boys will only play with girls if they are invited and boys only play with boys who in there age group
|
|
|
|
Toddler
|
Boys will rarely play with girls
|
|
|
|
Infants
|
No the difference between males and females
|
|
|
|
What is Play?
Characteristics |
Involves behavior patterns adapted from the “four F’s”:
Fleeing, fighting, feeding, and mating(fucking) |
Involves behavior patterns adapted from the “four F’s”:
|
|
|
What is Play?
Characteristics |
Involves signals that “this is play” – stylized gestures, postures, movements, or facial expressions
|
Involves signals that “this is play”
|
|
|
What is Play?
Characteristics |
-Disappears during stress
-Play is fun! |
How is play helpful?
|
|
|
What is Play?
Who plays? |
-Vertebrates, ~ all mammals!
• Animals with long life-spans! • Animals with large/complex neocortex! • Young animals (esp. during periods of cortical growth)! • Species playful as adults typically also retain other neonatal characteristics! |
Who Plays? What types of animals.
|
|
|
What is Play?
Other characteristics: |
• No obvious, immediate function
• Energetically expensive • Involves awkward or exaggerated movements  |
Other characteristics:
|
|
|
Why Do We Play?
|
Assumed that play, like other behaviors, has been shaped by natural selection!
|
What has play been shaped by?
|
|
|
Why Do We Play
Costs of play |
Uses energy, involves risk of injury, risk of predation, wastes time!
|
Cost of Play
|
|
|
Toddler
|
Boys will rarely play with girls
|
|
|
|
Infants
|
No the difference between males and females
|
|
|
|
What is Play?
Characteristics |
Involves behavior patterns adapted from the “four F’s”:
Fleeing, fighting, feeding, and mating(fucking) |
Involves behavior patterns adapted from the “four F’s”:
|
|
|
What is Play?
Characteristics |
Involves signals that “this is play” – stylized gestures, postures, movements, or facial expressions
|
Involves signals that “this is play”
|
|
|
What is Play?
Characteristics |
-Disappears during stress
-Play is fun! |
How is play helpful?
|
|
|
What is Play?
Who plays? |
-Vertebrates, ~ all mammals!
• Animals with long life-spans! • Animals with large/complex neocortex! • Young animals (esp. during periods of cortical growth)! • Species playful as adults typically also retain other neonatal characteristics! |
Who Plays? What types of animals.
|
|
|
What is Play?
Other characteristics: |
• No obvious, immediate function
• Energetically expensive • Involves awkward or exaggerated movements  |
Other characteristics:
|
|
|
Why Do We Play?
|
Assumed that play, like other behaviors, has been shaped by natural selection!
|
What has play been shaped by?
|
|
|
Why Do We Play
Costs of play |
Uses energy, involves risk of injury, risk of predation, wastes time!
|
Cost of Play
|
|
|
Why Do We Play?
Two schools of thought: |
1) A left-over (due to excess energy, etc.)
2) Practice for the future!  |
Two schools of thought:
|
|
|
Types of Play
|
Locomotor Play:
Running, jumping, leaping, somersaults, dangling, and crawling - predominant form of solitary play |
3 types
|
|
|
Types of Play
|
Object Play:
Pulling, tugging, shaking, jerking, also complex manipulations seen in monkeys/apes/humans |
Components of
|
|
|
Types of Play
|
Social Play: Contact play
Agonistic or predatory behaviours such as lunging, pouncing, grabbing, inhibited biting, wrestling, butting, batting, as well as rolling, mounting, clasping, or grooming! |
Contact play
|
|
|
Types of Play
|
Social Play: Non-Contact play:
Play usually refers to chasing! |
Contact play
|
|
|
Hypotheses For Play:
|
-Play as physical training
-Play as social training -Play as cognitive training |
|
|
|
Play as Physical Training
|
Develops well-exercised muscles and superior general physical capacity
|
|
|
|
Play As Social Training
|
-Exercises competitive skills
-Predatory behavior (prey catching/predator avoidance) -Aggressive behavior |
|
|
|
Play As Social Training
|
-Assist social bonding
-Learning of social rank -Social communication signals |
|
|
|
Play as cognitive training
|
-Functional in acquisition of tool-using skills
-Acquisition of general cognitive skill -Generally involved in innovation |
|
|
|
Benefits of Play?
|
Playful adult males may be less dangerous
|
Dangerous
|
|
|
Benefits of Play?
|
Playful adult females, a signal of youth?
|
|
|
|
Sex Differences?
|
The bigger difference in size = the bigger difference in behavior
|
Primates with more sex dimorphism in size tend to have more sex dimorphism in behavior
|
|
|
Sex Differences?
|
As sex dimorphism of body weight increases divisions of labor(infant care) increase regarding the division of labor
|
Sex Differences? Infant care
|
|
|
Sex Differences?
|
As sex dimorphism of body weight increases there is more aggression
|
Sex Differences? In aggression
|
|
|
Sex Differences?
|
Low SD does not mean less aggression.
Ex. Gibbon and Guenon Both males have females are similar in size, but males have larger canines. Males are are more aggressive. |
Ex. Gibbon and Guenon.
Canine size and aggression |
|
|
Sex Differences!
|
Primates with more SD in size tend to have more sexual dimorphism in play behavior!
|
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Rough-and-Tumble! |
• More common in boys!
• Also more frequent, and with more vigor in boys! • Physical assault/wrestling occurs 3-6 x in boys! |
Social Play – Rough-and-Tumble
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Rough-and-Tumble! |
This sex difference in play emerges by age 3 and peaks between 8-10 years at which time boys spend about 10% of their time in this activity!
|
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Rough-and-Tumble! |
Coalitions: Boys 10-11 years of age engage in competitive, group activities 3x that of girls!
|
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Rough-and-Tumble |
By adolescence, physical roughhousing, physical aggression and social dominance begin to emerge!
|
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Rough-and-Tumble |
Aggressive play is encouraged in societies with intense male-male competition!
 |
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Play Parenting |
More common in females!
Girls universally assigned more child-care tasks, but also seek out and engage in child care, play parenting, and other domestic activities more than same-age boys |
More common in females!
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Locomotor/Exploratory |
Boys are generally more active, do more solitary running, have larger ranges than girls
|
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Object-Oriented Play! |
-Boys engage in much more object-oriented play !
-Girls more construction play (puzzles, markers, clay, etc.)! -Boys play more with inanimate mechanical objects and construction play that involves building! |
|
|
|
Sex Difference in Play:
Social Play – Sociodramatic Play! |
Enactment of social episodes
-Boys seem to focus more on themes of power, dominance and aggression. Girls seem to focus more on interpersonal relationships! |
Enactment of social episodes!
|
|
|
Preference for Same-Sex Play Groups!
|
Formation of same-sex play groups (by age 3) is one of the most consistent features of play!
|
|
|
|
Preference for Same-Sex Play Groups!
|
Reason: differences in social styles/play “subjects”!
-Boys play by physical means -Girls play more verbal games |
Reason: differences in social styles/play “subjects”!
|
|
|
Biology or Culture!
|
Gloria Steinem: “Parents tend to create sex differences. We badly need to raise our boys more like our girls.”!
|
Gloria Steinem
|
|
|
Biology or Culture!
|
Bella Abzug: “If society weren’t sexist, the kids would do roughly the same. The boys would nurture the dolls... things would be very much more interchangeable...[Biological] differences are a lot of poppycock.”
|
Bella Abzug
|
|
|
Biology or Culture?!
Non-human example |
Example: Vervet monkeys:
-Males showed clear preference for “masculine” toys -Females showed clear preference for “feminine” toys! -No sex difference in preferences for “neutral” toys! |
Example: Vervet monkeys:
|
|
|
Biology or Culture?!
Non-human example |
Example: Rhesus macaques!
-Male monkeys interacted significantly less with plush toys relative to females! -Females showed no clear preference between masculine and feminine toys |
Example: Rhesus macaques!
|
|
|
Biology or Culture?!
Non-human example |
The male house wanted to play with the ball and the female house wanted to be social
|
Example: Domestic Horses
|
|
|
Biology or Culture?
Evidence from Humans |
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)!
-Results from a female fetus having an overactive adrenal gland! -Engaged in more sports than unaffected peers, differences persist into adolescence! -Engage in more playful physical games, physical assaults on objects, wrestling, etc. Than unaffected girls! -Play with dolls less, more with cars than unaffected girls! |
CAH
|
|
|
Skills Developed from Play
Rough-and-Tumble Play: |
Rough-and-Tumble Play:
-Boys develop skills useful in male-male competition! |
|
|
|
Skills Developed from Play
Object play: |
Object play:
-Boys seem to be better at using tools to solve problems -Across traditional societies, men work more with tools and many types of materials |
|
|
|
Skills Developed from Play.
Play Parenting |
Play Parenting
-Female mammals singularly involved offspring rearing! -Allomothering improves survival of first offspring in non-human primates |
|
|
|
Sex Differences in Skill Development:
Verbal Skills |
Boys
-More dyslexia -More stuttering! |
Boys
|
|
|
Sex Differences in Skill Development:
Verbal Skills |
Girls:
-Talk to adults more -More interested in verbal games! -Use longer sentences! -Make fewer mistakes! -Larger vocabulary! -Better comprehension, writing! |
Girls
|
|
|
Sex Differences in Skill Development:
Spatial Skills |
Boys:
-Manipulate objects more! -Figure out how things work! -Move objects more! -Better at 3-dimensional rotation tasks! -Predicting intercepts of moving objects |
Boys
|
|
|
Sex Differences in Skill Development:
Math Skills |
Boys tend to be better at math, overall tend to have higher math SAT scores and top-level math people tend to be male!
|
Boys
|
