Anthro 106

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taxonomy

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Linneaus' classification of organisms by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. examines groups and the evolutionary relationships between them.

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apes

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the pongidae family of primates, including gorillas, orangs, chimps, and bonobos. terrestrial, larger bodied, complex social behavior.

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Gorilla

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a member of the pongidae/great apes.

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gibbon

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small hominoids/hylobatidae which are exclusively arboreal

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Primates

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phylum that includes humans, apes, monkeys, etc.

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General Primate traits

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manual dexterity, long infant dependence, complex social organization, hand-eye coordination, well developed sight, many are arboeal

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general primate anatomy: hands/arms

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prehensile, opposable thumbs, tactile pads, nails (not claws), precision grip, facilitate feeding and tree locomotion, mobile arms

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general primate anatomy: eyes

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binocular vision, color vision, post orbital bars to protect eyes, development of visual organs at expense of smell organs

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general primate anatomy: other

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large eyes and brain, reduced snout, large cerebral cortex, bear single offspring

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hominids

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human family. bipedal, large brain, most complex social behavior, less hair

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hominoids

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superfamily including apes and humans.
distinctive molar teeth, exhibiting a 5 pointed crown, (known as a Y-5 pattern);
orthograde posture;
flexible arm and shoulder joints;
arms longer than legs (except for humans);
absence of a tail;
large, complex brains.

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Australopithecus africanus

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2-3 MYA. gracile morphology, bipedal (evident by spinal cord entrance into skull,) larger cranial capacity than modern apes, no tools found

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Australopithecus afarensis

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over 3 MYA, bipedal, Lucy

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bipedalism

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evidence: big toe in line with foot, knee joint, hip/leg attachment, pelvis shape, arch, placement of spinal cord in skull

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Carrying Hypothesis

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hominid success based on women: women selected for who are best gatherers, as opposed to men who are best hunters.

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Anisogamy

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the difference in size between the ovum and the sperm, as a basis for sexual dimorphism

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monkey

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platyrrhini and cercopithecodia primates, old world and new world. monkey like anatomy. macaques, baboons

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chimpanzee

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pongidae family, pan troglodytes. exhibit behaviors once thought to be exclusively human, ie, group hunting, tool making and use, food sharing, etc.

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orangutan

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family pongidae, genus pongo. isolated social organization.

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baboon

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cercopithecoids, large, complex social groups, old world monkeys, smallish bodies, quadrupedal, have tails.

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aggression

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a la wilson: all behaviors for defense, survival, etc. everyone has some aggression alleles.
a la hrdy: expressing one's dominance

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sexual dimorphism

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difference in size, appearance, form between the sexes...basis of male dominance?

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"man the hunter" scenarios

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Dart suggests man hunted and was selected for traits which made him better at it, thus women benefited as well because of males. traits: upright walking, capacity to eat meat, larger brains

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osteodontokerratic culture

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making of tools from bone, tooth, and horn- suggested when no stone tools are found.

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australopithecus robustus

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larger, more robust that graciles, but contemporary. 1-2 MYA. bipedal, no tools found, larger cranium than modern apes

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Scavenging hypothesis

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humans opportunistically scavenge. this is catalyst for bipedalism, selecting BOTH sexes.

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Provisioning hypothesis

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sharing behavior selected for, not a physical trait. males go hunt, are selected if they share because females favor them sexually. leads to monogamy. new "man the hunter" scenario?

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monogamy

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couples who mate together regularly and exclusively

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bonobos

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Pongidae, pan genus. similar to chimps, resort to sex instead of violence. have alpha females, not males.

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human behaviors w/ possible biological basis?

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aggression, sexual jealousy, dominance, monogamy, homosexuality, altruism

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biases on research/interpretations of primate behaviors?

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sexism, personal experience, (Raymond Dart/WWI) culture/society, funding...

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taxonomic classifications: human, chimp, gorilla, orangutan?

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human: hominids in hominoid super family
chimp/gorilla/orang: pongidae family in hominoid super family