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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary means of communication Spoken or written |
Language |
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A key feature of language |
always changing |
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Speech reflects... |
social differences |
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Communication systems of nonhuman primates |
Call systems |
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First chimpanzee to learn ASL |
Washoe |
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Transmission through learning. Basic to language. |
Cultural transmission |
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Creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers |
Productivity |
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Describing things that are not present |
Displacement |
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Mutated gene that helps explain why humans speak and chimps don't |
FOXP2 |
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Study of communication through body movements and facial expressions. |
Kinesics |
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Study of speech sounds |
Phonology |
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Study of the forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes |
Morphology |
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Words and their meaningful parts |
Morpheme |
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Vocabulary, all morphemes in a language and their meanings |
Lexicon |
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Refers to the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences |
Syntax |
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Smallest sound contrast that distinguishes mmeaning |
Phoneme |
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Study of sound contrasts |
Phonemics |
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Study of speech sounds, what people actually say |
Phonetics |
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Idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought |
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
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Linguist that argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language - known as universal grammar |
Noam Chomsky |
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Set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience |
Focal vocabulary |
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A languages meaning system |
Semantics |
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Study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts |
Ethnosemantics |
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Varying one's speech in different social contexts |
Style shifts |
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Language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familial) dialects |
Diglossia |
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Terms of respect used to honor people |
Honorifics |
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Closely related languages |
subgroup |
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Study of languages over time |
Historical linguistics |
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Languages sharing a common parent language |
Daughter languages |
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Language ancestral to several daughter languages |
Protolanguage |
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One among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region |
Ethnic group |
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Identification with an ethnic group |
Ethnicity |
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Any position that determines where someones fits in society
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Status |
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Social status based on little or no choice |
Ascribed status |
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Social status based on achievements or accomplishments |
Achieved status |
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Shifthing status based on situations |
Situational negotiation of identity |
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Example of an ethnic category based on language |
Hispancis |
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Ethnic group with biological basis |
Race |
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Social identity based on ancestry |
Descent |
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Children assigned to same group as minority parent |
Hypodescent |
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Class structure with differences in wealth, prestige and social status |
Stratified |
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Society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry and kinship |
Nation |
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Stratified society with formal and central government |
State |
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An autonomous political entity; a country |
Nation-state |
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Process of change that minority ethnic groups experience when moving to a country where another culture dominates |
Assimilation |
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Ethnic groups that want, once had or want their own country |
Nationalities |
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Society with economically interdependent ethnic groups |
Plural society |
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View of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining |
Multiculturalism |
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Devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes |
Prejudice |
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Fixed ideas, often unfavorable, about what members of a group are like |
Stereotypes |
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Policies and practices that harm a group and its members |
Discrimination |
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People who flee a country to escape prosecution or war |
Refugees |
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Elimination of a group through mass murder |
Genocide |
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Destruction of cultres |
Ethnocide |
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Internal domination by one group and its culture or idealogy over others |
Cultural colonialism |
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Belief that a perceived racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than another |
Intrinsic racism |
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Association, when one changes the other does too |
Correlation |
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Basic social unit among foragers |
Band |
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Nonindustrial plant cultivation with farrowing |
Horticulture |
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Cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively |
Agriculture |
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Continuum of land and labor use |
Cultivation continuum |
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Pattern of movement in pastoralism. Entire group move with the animals throughout the year |
Pastoral nomadism |
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Pattern of movement in pastoralism. Part of group moves with the herds, but most people stay in the home villages |
Transhumance |
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System of resource production, distribution and consumption |
Economy |
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Way of organizing production. Specific set of social relations that organizes labor |
Mode of production |
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Flow of good into center, then back out |
Redistribution |
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Exchange between social equals |
Reciprocity |
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Buying, marketing and valuation based on supply and demand |
Market principle |
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Competitive feast on the North Pacific Coast of North America. Exchange of good for prestige. |
Potlatch |
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Cohen's adaptive strategies |
Foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism and industrialism |
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Types of funds in nonindustrial societies |
Subsistence fund replacement fund social fund ceremonial fund rent fund |
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Three principles of exchange |
Market principle Redistribution Reciprocity |
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Four types of political organization according to Elman Service |
Band Tribe Chiefdom State |
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Political entities |
Polities |
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Food-producing society with rudimentary political structure |
Tribe |
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Small kin-based group among foragers |
Band |
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Refers to a form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and state Kin-based Permanent political structure |
Chiefdom |
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Means of settling disputes |
Conflict resolution |
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Examples of foraging bands |
San and Inuit |
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Legal code of a state society, with trial and enforcement |
Law |
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Generous tribal entrepreneur with multivillage support. Regulator of regional political organization. |
The big man |
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Nonkin-based group with regional political significance |
Sodality, pantribal |
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Unisex political group, everyone born in a certain time span |
Age set |
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Three related dimensions of stratification according to Max Weber |
Wealth - economic status Power - political status Prestige - social status |
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Specialized functions found in states |
Population control Judiciary Enforcement Fiscal (tax) |
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Maintaining social norms and regulating conflict |
Social control |
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Open public interactions between dominators and oppresed |
Public transcript |
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Hidden resistance to dominance, by the oppressed |
Hidden transcript |
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Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world |
Domesetic-public dichotomy |
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Descent traced through women onyl |
Matrilineal descent |
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Descent traced though men only |
Patrilineal descent |
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Married couple resides in husband's community |
Patrilocality |
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Married couple resides in wife's community |
Matrilocality |
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Mother-centered, eg household with no resident husband-father |
Matrifocal |
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Male supremacy based on patrilineality, patrilocality and warfare |
Patrilineal-patrilocal complex |
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Outside the home, public |
Extradomestic |
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Among Crow Indians, men who reject the role of bison hunter, raider, and warrior and formed a third gender |
Berdaches |
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Extended family household |
Zadruga |
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Matrilineal extended family household |
Tarawad |
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Married couples required to establish a new home |
Neolocality |
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Relatives by marriage |
Affinals |
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A child's biological father |
Genitor |
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One's socially recognized father |
Pater |
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Marriage outside a given group |
Exogamy |
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Marriage of people from the same group |
Endogamy |
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Socially recognized mother of a child |
Mater |
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Marital gift by husband's group to wife's group |
Bridewealth |
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Substantial gift of wife's group to husband's group |
Dowry |
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Marital gift by husband's group to wife's; legitimizes their children |
Progeny price |
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Man had more than one wife |
Polygyny |
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Woman has more than one husband |
Polyandry |
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Widower marries sister of deceased wife |
Sororate |
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Widower married brother of deceased husband |
Levirate |
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Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces |
Religion |
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Intense feeling of social solidarity |
Communitas |
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Belief in souls or doubles; earliest form of religion |
Animism |
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Impersonal sacred force, so named in Melanesia and Polynesia |
Mana |
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Founder of the anthropology of religion |
Sir Edward Burnett Taylor |
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Formal, repetitive, stereotyped behavior; based on a liturgal order |
Ritual |
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Rites marking transitions between places or life |
Rite of passage |
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In between stage of a passage rite |
Liminality
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A part-time magico-religious practitioner |
Shaman |
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Cultural, especially religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation |
Syncretisms |
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Movements aimed at altering or revitalizing a society |
Revitalization movements |
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Postcolonial acculturative religious movements in Melanesia |
Cargo cults |
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Comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society |
Ethnomusicology |
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Intense emotional release |
Catharsis |
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Profit-oriented global economy based on production for sale |
Capitalist world economy |
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Wealth invested with the intent of producing profit |
Capital |
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Ideas that a discernable social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries |
World-system theory |
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Dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production |
Core |
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Position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery |
Semiperiphery |
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Weakest structural economic position in the world system |
Periphery |
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Owners of the means of production |
Bourgeoisie |
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People who sell their labor to survive |
Working class/proletariat |
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Social theorists that dealt with industrialization |
Karl Marx Max Weber |
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Karl Marx |
Saw economic stratification as a sharp and simple division of two classes- buorgeoisie and proletariat |
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Max Weber |
3 dimensions of social stratification: Wealth Prestige |
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Policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and peoples |
Imperialism |
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Long term foreign control of a country and its people |
Colonialism |
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Ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples |
Intervention philosophy |
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Governments shouldn't regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule |
Neoliberalism |
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Property is owned by the community; ppeople work for common good |
communism |
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Political movement aimed at replacing capitalism with Soviet style communism |
Communism |
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Warming of the earth due to trapped atmospheric gases |
Greenhouse effect |
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Global warming plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects |
Climate change |
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Radiative forcings |
Positive forcings - warms the Earth Negative forcings - cools the Earth |
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Agreement signed by 170 countries that imposes mandatory caps on greenhouse gases |
Kyoto protocol |
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A culture's set of environmental practices and perceptions |
Ethnoecology |
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Study of cultural adaptations to environments |
Ecological anthropology |
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Spread of one (dominant) culture at the expense of others |
Cultural imperialism |
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Modified to fit the local culture |
Indigenized |
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Offspring of an area who have spread to many lands |
Diaspora |
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Time of questioning of established canons, identities, and standards |
Postmodernity |
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Being native to, or formed in, the place where found |
Autochthony |
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RA 6715 |
Herrera Law (against contractualization) |
