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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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autochthonous
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emerging from the soil, implies that abs do
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culture
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no agreed on def, shared/learned/flexible, complex whole that includes behavior, art, language, morals, etc
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society
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people living together in a community (works with culture > holism)
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tradition
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not static, great significance to australian government
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Identity
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layered, complex, shifting, multiple, how one sees ones self
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aboriginal languages
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Language group map by Tindale, help define identity, can be multilingual (showing intermarriage-zone of transition not boundary, is aboriginal english its own language? uses aboriginal grammar
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why can a zone of transition be more harmful than a boundary?
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may cause disbutes with land claim laws, boundaries better recogized by australian gov
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Cultural block
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share social org, lang, ceremonies, customs
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Trade is... implies? shows? links?
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exchange and obligation between groups: shows transcontinental communication-spreading of rare or necessary objects to those who don't have them: pearl, dollerite, red ochre
Dieri-xroads in trade routes, market place -implies traditional boundaries and land claims |
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history of movement (again trade)
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traditional trade routes, moving both objects and people
changes after colonization => new identities |
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myth
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a large, controlling image that gives philosophical meaning to the facts of ordinary life;has organizes our experience
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social darwinism
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societies evolve like organisms evolve (eep fought against diachronic view) BOAS hates this
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What is representation?
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production of knowledge about someone/thing the the absence of that person/thing
-feeds into other and self |
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Why is writing about "the others" harmful? 1980's Fabian argues:
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1. denies heterogeneity of group
2. anth terms put them in ethnographic present/another time, not contempororary, denied coevalness-same time 3. makes them look inflexible/backwors |
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Invasion years and what was it
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1820's -1920's, massacres
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Protection:
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20's-30s:
The act: 1897 controlled them under guise of protection -restricted land ownership, deciding of wages, right to marry and move freely, and right to chose a job -any white officer could remove you to a settlement/mission if he thought you needed protection -bad esp in QLD |
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Absorption:
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30's-50's: trying to make abs culturally and racially white,
-removal to settlements and missions (en masse) increased |
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Assimilation:
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50's-70's: use of racial lang. tuned down after WWII
-blacks can be just like middle class white aussies! -contradictory forces of the bureaucracy workings on lives |
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Self-Determination:
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1970's80's: realization of self and rights, esp those to land
-increase political awareness -policy and monetary support for Ab-run orgs but continue to control -commonwealth gov and QLD gov tension and conflict over ab. policy |
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1990's-2000
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reconciliation
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2004
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Mainstreaming
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Race and racism
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implies distinct genetic populations when there are not, misplaced scientific taxonomy
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discourse
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dialogue- conversation between at least 2 people
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Sutton film
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-helping map out country
-impt not to be ignorant of your land, spiritual connection -parents of family raised in bush, children educated and raised in mission |
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Country-
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concept/area of land directly related to aboriginal custodians/owner. imbued with spirits, more than earth
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What must one prove to gain native title?
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1. traditional use and ownership of land
2. continuous connection with land 3. asserted rights and interests of you to land |
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What is native title?
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1990's: recognition space between Australian and Aboriginal system of law
-not a title to land/more of a lease -improved the bargaining position of indigenous peoples |
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Kinship
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complexities of descent and alliance, defines individual identity and social interactions
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classificatory kinship system
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everyone is classified as kin, collateral kin is classified as lineal kin
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descent
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A relationship defined by connection to an ancestor through a recognised sequence of parent-child links, political aspect, leads one to land/ceremonialroles/right
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descendedness
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biological links among family
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cosmology
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one's believes about the nature of the universe, may provide spiritual links within moeity
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kinship system (as a system)
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1. groups defined on basis of kinship
2. terms used to refer to kin 3. totality of relatinoships between kin |
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lineage
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unilinear descent from an apical ancestor
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Recapitulating cosmogeny
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reenacting ritual of bestowal during other ceremonies, reiterates that this group is proper owners of land in country
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anthropologists role in 70's land rights
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-part observation, interviews, census
-translate important aboriginal concepts: bestowal, spirit beings, maps, descent into terms that White aussie lawyers would understand |
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bestowal
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the act of spirit beings giving title of land and waters to aborigines, memorialized by decorated objects and rituals, validates title to land/water
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Why did the Dhudi djupa clan go to the courthouse and dance in Darwin?
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1. reconciliation ceremony to restore friendly relations with the McColl family
2. symbolically equivalent to performing makarrata (ritual dealing with law breaking) 3. 9 poles mortuary ceremony |
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What is important about the freshwater meeting saltwater?
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founding site at mouth of river for Duhi and Djapu clans
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What does native title seek to do?
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1.recognise Native Title
2. mitigate against claims under RDA 1975 (ie limit native title claims) 3. establish a procedure for validating future acts 4. procedures for claiming native title |
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What doesn't native title do?
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1. does not grant rights to sea
2. doesn't grant when another exclusive land grant already exists 3. grant if traditional law and custom have ended |
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Importance of the Yanner case
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hunted two protected and endangered crocs with a harpoon and dodgey boat: section 211 of NT says that foraging/hunting/fishing or participating in a cultural or spiritual act that one normally needs a permit for but you are excercising NT rights, law doesn't prohibit you
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Racial Discrimination act of 1975
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limits native title claims by saying that all claims extinguished before 75 are invalid because there was no anti-discrimination act
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Rights to negotiate
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-right to be notified of future act and object to this act
-right to have objection heard in front of an independent body -right to consultation |
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statute law vs. common law
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statute law -written law
common law-law of courts |
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terra nullius
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empty land, land unowned/modified/cropped/people without laws
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How were the artists painting country?
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by returning to their country after many years the Balgo artists painted country/not land. They painted maps, stories, personal histories, and symbols specifically connected to their country. Country implies spirits/past/knowledge/connection to land, they were painting this connection to land
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Art as a commodity
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should be controlled by aboriginal artists, considered fine art, separate from W. art
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Art as political/identity
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represent status, groups can own specific symbols/designs, represents Dreaming and claim to land
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Art as communication
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passes histories/stories from one generation to the next
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Art as performance
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represents ceremonial rights
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biomedicine and power
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idea of objectivity,psychological social and moral are layers disguising the ultimate truth
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social indicators: helpful/harmful
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measuring well-being, usually economic:
1. abs participate in market economy 2. may find sharing to be greater than saving 3. no universal measurements of wealth and status 4. hidden wealth |
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family and country and aboriginal well being
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all connected- behavior can be cause of illness, family is always there for you, 90% said in crisis they can get support from outerhousehold
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structural factors of health
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demographics, adult to child ratio low, access to clean water/uncrowded housing, remote services, very basic
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cultural factors of health
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ideas of wellbeing, blame, pollution, healthy behavior, sorcery, different definitions of health, language/family/ceremonial obligations impede job effort and access to healthcare
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historical factors of health
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thought to be "dying out," wanted to study exotic disease, isolated vectors, didn't do much research and now have no trust from aboriginals
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racism and impact on health
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inability to get a job, biomed's idea about aboriginal med practice,
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medical anthropology
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anthropology-understanding that diseases are experience culturally, different ideas about causation/blame/healthy behavior/pollution/body ideas/def. of health
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What is a gender analysis
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examining social inequality and how cultures perceive gender
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Bell's argument
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women's role in ritual has = value to that of men's, men thought to equal culture.
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Kaberry's argument
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women are not just objects of exchange: they have fuller lives than that participating in men's initiation and have a say in land
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Hamilton's argument
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women provide 70% of food, providing them with increased autonomy but still low status
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Bell's point about gender bias
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gender bias is inescapable and is embedded in the fieldworker as she/he is learning to be a person
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Myer's response to bell's point about gender bias
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1. gender is not the pinnacle of walbiri identity
2. personhood is about shared identity and men's ritual is looked at higher as it is more shared. women are just between themselves (bell says that women exclude men from rituals as men exclude women) |
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Autonomy/inequality/equality
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with change women have increased autonomy and status as they are the main benefactors of welfare giving them control and head of household.
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Marxist's perspective
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Before: female labor is self contained on day to day basis but overall it's controlled by men
After: men get better at hunting after colonization, lowering women's roles as foragers because they control less food production |
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Betrothal
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promising a woman, arranged marriage. But women are not objects: social agency to object, matrikin not excluded, elderly women help make desision
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Essentializing
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to identify somebody or something according to an imputed ‘essence’ or essential characteristics (can be positive or negative)
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How is essentializing negative?
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racism, implying closeness to nature, social darwinism
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Hindmarsh Island Case
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bridge building, talk of secret women's buisiness. Legal demands for an encapsulated ‘tradition’(more likely to represent traditions strongly if under threat)
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Place and Country as different relations to land
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country-inherently related to land, land is anthropomorphized, linked thru descent groups
place- from land, can still speak for it, shared history and relationships to land |
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the intercultural
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aboriginal culture needs to be understood not as a bounded whole but in relation to other cultures especially dominant australian culture: religion, economy, legal system
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How does poverty contribute to disease?
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lack of edu, overcrowding and poor diet, smoking and high risk behavior, inability to access med and services
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