Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are mammalian characteristics?
|
Hair/fur, live birth (placental mammals- eutheria), nurse young, heterodonty, endothermy, larger brain size than non-mammals (of similar size)
|
|
|
What are the prototheria?
|
These species reproduce by egg-laying, but they nurse their young with milk in the manner of other mammals.
|
|
|
What are the eutheria?
|
Primates and other placental mammals repro- duce by means of internal fertilization, followed by implantation of the fertil- ized zygote on the wall of the uterus.
|
|
|
What are the metatheria?
|
Marsupials, reproduce without use of a placenta.
|
|
|
Do humans belong to the eutheria, metatheria, or prototheria?
|
Eutheria
|
|
|
What are primate characteristics?
|
o 5 digits
o Opposable thumbs o Grasping hands & feet o Not all primates evolved to have opposable thumbs, such as the colobine monkeys, gibbons, or spider monkeys who only have four fingers that are elongated o Nails rather than claws o Larger, more complex brains than non-primate mammals o Forward-Facing Eyes with Stereoscopic Vision o Greater reliance on vision · The olfactory sense has become more reduced o Longer juvenile period & and life span • Petrosal Bulla The petrosal bulla is the tiny bit of the skeleton that covers and protects parts of the inner ear Enclosed Bony Eye Orbits in the Skull |
|
|
What is monotokous?
|
Giving birth to a single offspring
|
|
|
What is polytokous?
|
Giving birth to multiple offspring
|
|
|
Primates are said to be K-selected animals. What does this mean?
|
K-selected animals have a much longer juvenile stage and grow gradually. It takes much longer for them to reach sexual maturity. The reason for such a long juvenile period is to allow for more time for learned behaviors and social behaviors such as getting along with members of a group.
|
|
|
Primates are said to have the generalized skeleton. What does this mean?
|
it means that a primate skeleton is not created for any specific type of movement.Their generalized body plan gives them versatility; most primate species engage in a wide variety of modes of travel, for instance, from arm-swinging (in apes) to running, leaping, and walking. All nonhuman primates are quadrupeds, designed for moving about using all four limbs, but there is great variation in the way they use their limbs.
|
|
|
Primates are said to have the generalized dentition. What does this mean?
|
Most nonhuman primates eat a diet that is some combination of leaves, fruit, and other plant products, with occasional animal protein in the form of insects, small mammals, or other animals. Only one, the tarsier, eats mainly animal protein. Nonhuman primates do not possess enormous canine teeth for tearing food, as carnivores do, nor do they have the heavy grinding molars that grazing ani- mals have. For primates there are four types of teeth arranged in the following dental formula: two incisors, one canine, two premolars (what your dentist calls bicuspids), and three molars. The exceptions to this pattern are most of the New World monkeys, which have a third premolar, and the strepsirhines, which have varying dental formulas.
|
|
|
What do primates do during the long juvenile period?
|
Primates live by learned behaviors as much as they do on hardwired instinct. For example, many primates live in social groups, so a baby monkey or ape must learn how to be a member of a social group if it intends to successfully court a mate and rear offspring itself; these are largely learned behaviors. Thus it is important for primates to be socialized within their communities, a process that can take up a large proportion of their infancy and maturation
|
|
|
What’s so unique about primate male sociality in comparison with males of many, but not all, non-primate mammalian species?
|
Male primates stick around and are often an integral part of a community. Mixed groups of primates are called polygynous groups with one or more males. The majority of haplorhine nonhuman primates are Polygyandrous, living in mixed groups of male and female. There are different variations of these groups such as one-male polygyny (females live with one male and other males live as extra males or in all male "bacholor groups") multimale polygyny (many males in a group, causes the foundation of an "alpha male") Polyandry (one female with all males) . On the other hand there is the Fission-Fusion Polygyny groups that only temporary associate in order to come together to mate.
|
|
|
How do you call those primates that feed on a lot of seeds?
|
Granivores
|
|
|
What do you call those primates that primarily feed on fruits but supplement their diet with insects?
|
frugivo-insectivore
|
|
|
What do you call a primate that feeds primarily on fruits?
|
Frugivore
|
|
|
What are three ideas (hypotheses) regarding the origin of the primates?
|
• Arboreal Hypothesis
F.W. Jones, Glenn Conroy o Reliance on vision for movement • Evolved because they needed to move around in a three dimensional space o Prehensile hands for climbing o Varied food: generalized teeth o Increased intelligence: to deal with arboreal life • Visual Predation Hypothesis Matt Cartmill o Insect eating o precision grasps for catching insects o Increased reliance on vision • Evolved in order to catch insects • This cannot explain everything, as not every primate eats insects • These are both hypothesis, as they cannot be proved or disproved • Mixed-Diet Hypothesis Robert Sussman & Peter Raven o Increase exploitation of flowering plants and their fruits as angiosperm spread o Enhanced visual activity, color vision, and traits that are adapted to terminal branch feeding • Color vision came from the ability to tell ripe fruit o Can't explain the gap between flowering seeds and primate consumption of seeds |
|
|
Explain the differences between arboreal quadrupedalism vs. terrestrial quadrupedalism.
|
Quadrupedalism means that the animals walk on four limbs, but arboreal animals reside in trees, while terrestrial animals live on land. The tree and the ground are called the substrait- the medium on which an animal moves around. Terrestrial quadrupedalist do not have tails and are often knuckle walkers. Arboreal quadrupedialist primates have tails that are sometimes prehensile and often do not have opposable thumbs.
|
|
|
What are some morphological characteristics of the Strepsirhini in comparison with the Haplorhini?
|
Strepsirhini-
-Lateral slits on the nose -Rhinarium- naked, moist skin surrounding the nostrils -Philitrum-dent under nose -2-1-3-3 dental formula -Tooth comb -Unfused metopic suture- or unfused frontal bone -Unfused mandible- jaw has two separate parts -Grooming claw -Post-orbital bar not plate -long snout Haplorhini- owm- 2.1.2.3 dental formula, nwm 2.1.3.3. dental formula -Post-orbital plate -Fused mandible -fused metopic suture -short snout/no snout -Y-5 Patterns (apes and humans) -Downward Nostrils |
|
|
Why are tarsiers included in the Haplorhines? Where do they occur? What do they eat?
|
The tarsiers are haplorhine primates that are thought to occupy an evolutionary position between the prosimian and anthropoid primates. Tarsiers possess a mixture of traits of anthropoid and prosimian primates, but they are generally considered to be closer to anthropoids. Their reliance on vision and large eyes indicate haplorhine as well as their nose. They are the most highly canivorious primate and eat primarily lizards and insects. They are also nocturnal. They occur in Southeast Asia, primarily in Indonesia. They live in monogamous pairs, are exclusively nocturnal, and park their young in tree nests while out foraging.
Strepsirhine characteristics -two grooming claws -Insectivore, primarily carnivore -Small-bodied -No fused mandible -nocturnal -looks very similar to loris Haplorhine Traits -Partial post-orbital plate - has NO rhinarium -has NO tooth comb |
|
|
Where does the aye-aye occur and is this a Haplorhine or a Strepsirhine? What does it eat?
|
The aye-aye occurs exclusively in Madagascar and is part of the lemur family and is a Strepsirhine. The lemurs are amazing examples of adaptive radiation. The Aye-aye is nocturnal and large solitary. IT feeds on bird eggs, fruit, and insect larvae that it locates by tapping fallen tree trunks with it's long middle finger.
|
|
|
Who has the tooth comb?
|
The Strepsirhines
|
|
|
Which primates have the ischial callosities (sitting pad)?
|
Old world monkeys, or the cercopithecines.
|
|
|
Which primates have the pouches?
|
Cercopithecines (a subfamily of Old World Monkeys)
|
|
|
What are the differences between cercopithecines and colobines?
|
The Cercopithecinae have ischial callosities, cheek pouches, and are omnivorous.
The Colobinae are herbivorous and have sacculated stomachs as well as elongated intestines that efficiently process leaves high in difficult to digest cellulose. |
|
|
What do small primates eat and why?
|
Larger primates consumed more fruit, while smaller ones tended to eat more insects. The amount of fruit the primates consume gradually increases with the animals' size, peaking at medium-sized primates such as saki monkeys. But fruit intake then declines in favor of leaves in larger primates such as howler and woody spider monkeys. Smaller primates eat more insects as they have have high metabolic requirements, and insects provide a high-quality source of nutrients and calories. Larger monkeys eat a lot more foliage because their guts can tolerate high levels of cellulose and toxins -- which are unpalatable or indigestible to smaller primates.
|
|
|
What is the synonymous term as the term Platyrrhini?
|
New World Monkey
|
|
|
Humans are contained in which group?
|
Order primate,
Suborder Haplorrhini, Infraorder anthropoidea, paravorder Catarrhini (old world monkey), Superfamily Hominoidea, family hominidae |
|
|
Old World Monkeys?
|
Suborder Haplorhini,
Infraorder Anthropoidea, paravorder Catarrhini, Superfamily Cercopithecoidea (all old world monkeys excluding apes and humans) |
|
|
What is the synonymous term as the term Catarrhini?
|
Catarrhini are Old World Monkeys, apes, and humans.
|
|
|
What morphological characters do the Strepsirhines that move by vertical clinging and leaping (VCL) have?
|
-Hind limbs are longer than their front legs so they can sit upright against a tree, then launch themselves through the air to another tree.
-Vertically-oriented scapula, allowing arms to swing back and forth in a rapid pendulum motion but not to rotate. |
|
|
Orangutans are ___________ as compared with other primates.
|
Solitary
|
|
|
Primary threats to the survival of great apes include all of the following except
|
Habitat Loss
Bushmeat Illegal Trade Mining Hunting Disease -Habitat destruction -Deforestation -Fragmentation over time the forest is broken into different parts (Edge Effect). As long as different parts are connected, there is gene flow. Overtime, however, the fragments lose their connections and a part becomes an isolated fragment. Gene flow is stopped, and the likelihood of extinction becomes very high. -Poaching/Hunting/Snare-Trapping -Not all primates are affected at the same rate. Poachers choose large-bodied primates that have more meat or are easier to shoot. Smaller bodied monkeys are more likely to survive. -Infectious disease Ex. Ebola virus infected many gorillas in the Central African Republic -Pet trade |
|
|
Which primates possess a true prehensile tail?
|
Which primates possess a true prehensile tail?
Some members of the families Cebidae and Atelidae (New World Monkeys) |
|
|
What primates are crepuscular primates?
|
Crepuscular primates are those that are active mostly during dusk and dawn.
|
|
|
Who has the parabolic dental arcade?
|
Dental Arcade= the arc of teeth along either the bottom or top of the mouth.
Humans have parabolic dental arcades. |
|
|
Who has the Y-5 pattern molar teeth?
|
The Y-5 pattern is the lower molar teeth of apes and humans have five cusps, or raised points, on their grinding surfaces. Apes and humans have this pattern
|
|
|
Who has three premolars in each quadrant?
|
Platyrrhines/New World Monkeys
|
|
|
Do the tarsiers have a fused mandible?
|
no
|
|
|
Where are the extant primates distributed in the world?
|
Most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia.
|
|
|
How do the gibbons and siamang locomote?
|
Their bodies are well adapted for a highly arboreal existence of brachiating among and hanging beneath tree limbs. (Possess long arms, extremely elongated fingers, shortened thumbs, and a suspensory shoulder design for treetop life).
|
|
|
What does the intermembral index of the gibbons 126-147 indicate regarding their limb proportions?
|
They have very long arms→ They are suspensory primates
|
|
|
what is the mating system of the gibbons and siamangs?
|
Gibbons are socially monogamous but not necessarily reproductively monogamous. A female tolerates a male because she protects the patch of forest on which she must find food for herself and her offspring.
|
|
|
What is bimaturism found in orangutan males?
|
Bimaturism in orangutans is when adults take two different forms, allowing males to approach females by “posing” as adolescents without arousing the ire of resident adult males.
|
|
|
Where do the orangutans occur?
|
Lives only on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo in Indonesia.
|
