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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mode of production
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-the dominant way of making a living in a culture
- foraging, |
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Mode of exchange
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-dominant way of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people
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mode of consumption
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-dominant way of using things or spending resources in order to satisfy demands
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Foraging
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-collecting food that is available in nature by gathering, fishing and hunting
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extensive strategy
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-production involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spatial mobility
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Three components of an economic system
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-mode of production, consumption, exchange
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In foraging societies:
Reason for prod, div. of labor, prop relations, resources use, sustain |
-Production for use
-Family based, based on gender and age. Overlapping gender roles -Egalitarian and collective -Extensive and temporary -High degree |
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In industrial, same
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-prod. for profit
-class based, based on specialization -stratified and private -intensive and expanding -low degree |
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Use rights
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-sys. of prop relations in which a group or persons have a social priority in access of particular resources, such as fishing, hunting grounds, etc.
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horticulture
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-mode of production based on growing crops in gardens with simple hand tools
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Five stages of hort.
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-clearing: clear a section of the forest, urn shit down, etc.
-planting: use sticks to loosen the soil, scatter seeds -Weeding: little weeding because of ash cover and shade -harvesting: lots of labor to get the shit out -Fallowing: leave soil unused so it regains fertility |
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Div of labor, prop relations, sustainability of horticulture sys
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-men clear the garden, women plant it. Clear gender/age roles. Some extremes, Yanomami do everything.
-No private property. use rights important, more clearly defined than foragers. Clearing land puts a claim -Not as much as foragers, but pretty good as long as you fallow |
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Pastoralism
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-based on the domestication of animal herds, and use of their products for >50% of diet.
-sheep, goats, donkeys, cattle, horses, camels -primarily milk and occasional slaughtering. Typically trade with foragers -problem, continous need for pasture |
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Pastor, div of labor, property, sustainability
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-gender and age key factors, families basic unit. Men can herd, but some women do too.
-animals, houses, domestic goods inherited down through males. use rights for pasture and migratory routes regulated by oral tradition -very sustainable, developed crucial paths |
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Agriculture
Intensive strategy? |
-mode of production that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, fertilizer, irrigation
-requires an intensive strategy, which is to use same plot of land over and over agin |
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indigenous knowledge
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-local knowledge about the plants, animals and resources of enviro.
-used extensively in agricultural societies -increasingly displaced and going away in cultures |
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Agr. div of labor, property, sustain
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-family basic unit, marked and distinct gender roles between men and women. Male dominated.
-rights to land can be acq. and sold. formalized. property rights -moderate sustainability |
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Variety of agri-family farming
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-agricultural production which supports the family and is also used for sale
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industrial captial agriculture
industrial collectivized agri |
-form that is capital intensive, substitutiing machinery for labor
-form that involves state control of land, technology, and goods produced |
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industialiasm/informatics
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-mode of production in which goods are produced by mass employment, in business and commercial ops, and through creation and movement of media and info
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Sustainability of agriculture?
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-requires more in termsn of labor, resources, and non-renewable inputs.
-high costs to environment and humanity -often is now displacing other modes of production |
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Potlach
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-a feast of Pacific northwest cultures in which guess are invited to eat and receive gifts from house
-example of mode of consumption and exchange -establishes a social safety net for population |
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Two senses of consumption-
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-intake of food and use of things
-output in terms of spending resources to obtain these things |
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Consumption-minimalism
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-mode of cons. emphasizes simplicity. Few and finite consumer demands, and adequate and sustainable means to acheive them.
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COnsumption-consumerism
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-mode of consumption in which demands are infinite,
-means of satisfying are insufficient, and becomes depleted in order to meet demand |
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Facets of consumption, foraging
mode Social org of cons Mode of exhange -coial org of exh -means of exc |
-Minimalism, finite needs
-equality, sharing -balanced exchange. Leveling mechanism -small groups, face-to-face. Personalized consumption -the gift |
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Facets of consumption, industrial
mode Social org of cons Mode of exhange -coial org of exh -means of exc |
-consumerism, infinite needs
-class based inequality -market exchange -anynomous market transaction -The sale |
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Consumption microcultures
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-based on gender, age and race
-some have a distance of necessity |
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Balanced exchange
Generalized reciprocity Pure gift expected reciprocity |
-transfers with goal is either immediate or eventual equlaity in value
-exhange with least concious sense of interest/material gain (buy cofee for friend) -given with no expectation of a return -exchange of aprx. equal goods between equal social status-the kula |
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unbalanced exchange
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-where one expects to make a profit
-market exchange, buying and selling of commodities, supply-demand -evolved from less formal trade |
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redistribution
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-form of expected reciprocity. involves one collecting goods or money froma group and then returns pooled goods to all the contributed
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Forms of unbalanced exchange
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-market exhange
-Gambling -Theft. opp. of pure gift -Exploitation-slavery, wage slavery |
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anthro politics
-power authority influence |
-ability to act in the face of resistance, force if necessary
-ability to act based on status or reputation -ability to acheive desired end by exerting social/moral pressure |
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political organization
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-existence of a groups for purposes of public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, rights, etc.
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Bands
Tribies |
-pol. org. of foraging groups, minimal leadership, flexible membership
-political group that comprises several bands/lineage groups. Each has similar language and lifestyle, occupies distinct territory Tribe more formal |
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Kinship
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-who you are related to. Defined in three ways:
1) Related by blood 2) Related by law (spouse) 3) Fictive-socially constructed group. |
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Big-man/big woman sys
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-pol org. midway between tribe and chiefdom involving reliance on leadership of key people. Develop ties through personal ties and feasts
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moka
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-strategy for pol leadership in Papua new guinea, involves exchanging gifts and favors. Large feasts with more gift giving
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Chiefdom
State |
-pol unit of permanantly allied tribes and villages under one recognized leader
-a centralized pol. unit encompassing many communities and possessing coercive power |
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5 types of pol. org
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-Band (foragers)
-Tribe(foragers, hort.) -Chiefdom (hort. past) -Confederacy (past. agril) -State (industrial) |
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Powers of the state
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-define citizenship, rights, responsib.
-monopolize use of force, law, order -armies and police -keep track via census -power to tax, take resources -manipulate info, directly (censor) or indirectly (pressure on journalists) |
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Social control
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-processes that maintain orderly social life, informal and formal mechanisms
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norm
law |
generally agreed upon standard for how people should behave, usally unwritten or unconcious
-binding rule created through enactment, defines right and reasonable behavior |
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Social control in small-societies
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-collective decisions on punishment
-emphasis on returning to social order, not hurtful punishment -often legitimized through religious belief -central goal is to return the group to harmony |
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Social control in states
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-increased specialization of roles involved in social control (lawyers, judges, etc.)
-formal trials and courts -power enforced punishments, prison and death penalty -policiing: social control through surveillance and threat of punishment -trial by ordeal: put to a test to det. innocence |
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Critical legal anthropology
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-approach within study of law examines how judicial systems serve to maintain and expand power interests rather than protect
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Ethnic conflict
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-intertwined with social conflict. on the basis of problems in social order due to race/ethnicity (Rwanda, balkans, etc.)
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war
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purposeful and organized action against another group, using lethal force if necessary
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Nation
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-group of people who share a language, culture, territory, history, pol. org.
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Phenomenonolgy
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-study of conciousness, how it perceives physical world and interprets objects of direct experience
-Set of ideas (theory) that seeks to explain the process of enculturation -Ideational=understandings sufficient for practical purposes |
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Enculturation (socialization)
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-person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviours that are appropriate or necessary in that culture
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Granted?
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-we take the world into which we are born for granted. We then learn the culture into which we are born
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Natural attitude
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-we are born into the world, we take this for granted.
-it is seeing the world with "common sense". You walk on a floor, and you expect it not to break. Antrho, you expect certain things |
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Preselected world
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-the world we are born into is preselected for us by those who came before us
-learn what to pay attention to and what to ignore (trees) |
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Knowledge at hand
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-acts as a frame of reference. Social construction of reality.
-There is a material world out there, but we learn how to make sense of it. |
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Biographical situation
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-Everybody has a totally unique biography, so that no two people are born to the same set of “parents”
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Reciprocal perspectives
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-think of shared perspectives.
-shared meaning for practical purposes |
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Idiosyncratic
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-interested in groups, not in the individual.
-idio to social theries and groups |
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Predecessors
Contemporaries Consociates |
-those who died before you (cultural ancestors)
-people around you who are alive. Minimum culture learning -those who actually give you cultural ideas. Focus your attention on things |
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HRAF
monographs |
-massive database of observations, enthogs, and monogs information, made in 1800's
-How shit was put in there at the start. Massive texts on every facet of a culture (holistic) -post fieldwork, give it to the them |
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Anthopological kinship
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-who you are related to, in three possible ways:
1) Blood 2) Law (spouse) 3) Fictive-Socially constructed group |
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Patrilineal society
Ambi |
-organizes itself by recognizing kin through male line
-traces kinship through female line, but shares more characteristics with patri. |
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How to choose kinship pattern
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-usually chose what is most conducive for survival, practicality
-most people that live in bands are foragers. Usually patri/ambi |
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Anthro thinking before Boas
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Before Boas, people viewed lower people as barbaric, savages, and civ as best.
-No evidence of this shit, just application of social Darwinism More ideological than not. -Boas applied cultural relativism. Found so many exceptions to the rules. |
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Patterns of behavior-foragers
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-Live in bands
-2/3 of people engage in work -No social classes -Familiar with microenvironment -70% of diet from foraging -Div of labo by gender and age -Work few hours, most egaliterian structure -Original affluent society |
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Egalitarian
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-equal, but with differences. Everyone works for collective good, but still divisions of sexes, ages, etc.
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Esturary
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-tidal mouth of river, where tide meets stream
-Self sustaining eco niche. Can leave it alone and will constantly provide life and such -16K years ago, water level rose 250 feet, and formed these, water ran into valleys, etc. -We think humans originally settled down because of the food there, reliable, badass |
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What must you have in order for there to be a language
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-Displacement
-Prevarication -Meta-messages |
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Displacement
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-Referring to things not there, not present at the time.
-Can refer to things in the past and in the future? If yes, than displacement -Bees can do this to a degree |
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Prevarication
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-We can lie.
-Form of displacement. We can refer to things that have not occurred. -Not fantasy, because talking about things not present. -Fantasy is the things that have never been present. |
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Meta-messages
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-we can use words that do not actually refer to the thing we are talking about, but are still able to be understood
-can take words in different cultural contexts to mean different things (shouting freeze to somebody) |
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Carrying capacity
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-amount of food that is naturally available in a given environment
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Homo erectus?
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-lived 2 mya to 400K
-Regularly makes core tools. Not just flakes, but can symbolically see something that wasn't there at all (like a sculptor) -Can control fire. Not make it, but take it -Cooks food and uses skins to stay warm -Spread all the way to Scand. and new world |
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Homo erectus cross into new world
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-Big game hunters, followed the herds
-found a shitload of bones at bottom of ravine, they stampeded them into it -Didn't have language, but must have had some sort of comms to orchestrate this -arrangement of natural and artificial aspects of an area |
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Homo sapiens neanderthalis
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-Archaic humans. More powerful physical abilities, muscles. Probably in response to cold climates
-Lived in small groups in caves, some type of comms. Have fire and defense tools -Bury dead in fetal position. Amulets=complex symbology -Cultural constructs with afterlife -Extinct by 30K |
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Homo sapiens sapiens
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-Us. Hunter and gatherer foragers. mode of subst. changes.
-More elaborate symbols. Find pictures in caves of animals -Important because art could be real or could be total imagination. This is key. |
