Anth Exam 1

Front 1

Parsimony

Back 1

short and simple answers

Front 2

Ultimate Explanations

Back 2

Evolutionary responses that answer "Why?" over the course of human history

Front 3

Proximate Explanations

Back 3

Cultural, biological, scientific responses that answer "How?" or "What?" within one's lifetime

Front 4

Naturalistic Fallacy

Back 4

Using evolutionary responses to justify immoral acts

Front 5

Tabula Rosa

Back 5

blank slate

Front 6

Genotype

Back 6

all genes carried by an individual

Front 7

Phenotype

Back 7

all traits carried by an individual

Front 8

Organization

Back 8

building of traits

Front 9

Activation

Back 9

operation of traits

Front 10

Allele

Back 10

2 copies of different gene

Front 11

Social Darwinism

Back 11

belief that capitalism will result in better society

Front 12

Haploid

Back 12

single set of chromosomes

Front 13

Gamete

Back 13

mature sexual reproductive cell (sperm or egg)

Front 14

Chromosome

Back 14

long sequence that carries genes

Front 15

Locus

Back 15

place where genes are associated with certain traits

Front 16

Homologous

Back 16

have same alleles or genes in same order

Front 17

Monomorphic

Back 17

only one gene with no alternative alleles

Front 18

Homozygous

Back 18

having identical pairs of genes

Front 19

Heterozygous

Back 19

when they carry different alleles

Front 20

Autozygous

Back 20

males typically don't have matching XY chromosomes

Front 21

Mitosis

Back 21

nonsexual reproduction via cell division

Front 22

Enzymes

Back 22

proteins that regulate chemical reactions of the body

Front 23

Metabolic Pathways

Back 23

building up or breaking down of chemical compounds

Front 24

Facultative

Back 24

ability to live under more than one environmental condition

Front 25

Reaction Norm

Back 25

evolutionary pattern of response

Front 26

Susceptibilities

Back 26

failures to respond to changing environment

Front 27

Kin Selection Theory

Back 27

gene frequency is caused by related individuals

Front 28

Mate guarding

Back 28

Male will hold onto female lover in self-defense to make sure female doesn't have sex with other males

Front 29

Maladaption

Back 29

difficulty of adapting

Front 30

Inclusive Fitness

Back 30

number of offspring that is produced

Front 31

Mental Modularity

Back 31

idea that mind is innate

Front 32

Hamilton's Rule

Back 32

relatedness and benefits are greater than cost

Front 33

Williams' Lottery Principle

Back 33

asexual is too risky because it's better to gamble and have sex so that at least one of them survives to pass down traits

Front 34

Hamilton's Red Queen Theory

Back 34

offspring is unique and is less likely to obtain pathogens/parasites (negative traits) than asexual offspring

Front 35

Hermaphrodite

Back 35

individual who is capable of reproducing both sexes

Front 36

Simultaneous Hermaphrodite

Back 36

individual that has female and male organs at the same time

Front 37

Protandrous Hermaphrodite/Protandry Sequential Hermaphroditism

Back 37

individual that is born male and become females because of size advantage

Front 38

Protogynous Hermaphrodite/Protogyny Sequential Hermaphroditism

Back 38

individual that is born female and become male when she is the biggest in the group

Front 39

Conjugation

Back 39

production of offspring

Front 40

Sexpilus

Back 40

long, tub-like structure that has genetic material

Front 41

Asexual Reproduction

Back 41

production of offspring with single parent's genes

Front 42

Parthenogenesis

Back 42

type of asexual reproduction that involves unfertilizing the egg

Front 43

Intragenomic Conflict

Back 43

Selfish genes replicate themselves at the expense of others within the same genome

Front 44

R Strategists

Back 44

females who produce lots of diverse offspring (Lottery Principle)

Front 45

K Strategists

Back 45

females who produce few, homogeneous offspring

Front 46

Sexual Selection

Back 46

traits favored by sexual aspects of survival

Front 47

Intersexual Selection

Back 47

competition between males and females

Front 48

Intrasexual Selection

Back 48

competition within sexes (males compete with males and vice versa)

Front 49

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 49

major differences of males and females in the species (cows vs. bulls)

Front 50

Parental Investment

Back 50

Sex that invests the least will compete over the sex that invests the most. The sex that invests the most will have more to lose in picking a bad partner, and therefore is choosy.

Front 51

Nuptial Gift

Back 51

effort by a male in guarding or effort to provide resources for offspring

Front 52

Operational Sex Ratio

Back 52

ratio of sexually competing males to sexually competing females

Front 53

Sperm Competition

Back 53

process of how males compete for a female's egg

Front 54

Symmetry of Males

Back 54

strong predictor of ability to have an orgasm, genetic fitness, and healthy immune system

Front 55

Extra-pair Copulation

Back 55

promiscuous females who are polygamous and engage in casual sex

Front 56

Good Genes

Back 56

females share mates to force males to show honest signals

Front 57

Honest Signals

Back 57

males show off his traits and his territory

Front 58

Handicap Principle

Back 58

females pick flawed males with similar traits

Front 59

Dishonest Signals

Back 59

false advertising of male's traits and territory

Front 60

Relative Reproductive Rate

Back 60

speed of sex

Front 61

Calvin Coolidge Effect

Back 61

males have renewed sexual interest if introduced to new receptive sexual partners (male roosters could have sex 100 times in a day)

Front 62

Polygyny Threshold

Back 62

sometimes females will share a male with another female because male's territory is larger than anyone else who is available

Front 63

Runaway Sexual Selection

Back 63

trait is popular among females even though in reality it has little value or might even be detrimental to survival

Front 64

Lek Paradox

Back 64

the more important the trait is to survival, the less heritable it is and vice versa

Front 65

Cytoplasm

Back 65

gel-like substance residing within the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures (organelles)

Front 66

Bateman's Principle

Back 66

theory that females almost always invest more energy into producing offspring than males, and therefore in most species females are choosy

Front 67

Gonochorism

Back 67

sexually reproducing species in which individuals have just one of two distinct sexes