Anth-2401-81002 (Test 2)

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taxonomic classification

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A hierarchical system is used for classifying organisms to the species level. This system is called taxonomic classification. The broadest classifications are by domain and kingdom; the most specific classification is by genus and species. The hierarchical groupings in between include phylum, class, family, and order.

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analogy vs homology

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Analogies are the result of convergent evolution. Interestingly, though bird and bat wings are analogous as wings, as forelimbs they are homologous. Birds and bats did not inherit wings from a common ancestor with wings, but they did inherit forelimbs from a common ancestor with forelimbs.

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Analogy

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Analogy, or analogous structures, is actually the one that does not indicate there is a recent common ancestor between two organisms. Even though the anatomical structures being studied look similar and maybe even perform the same functions, they are actually a product of convergent evolution.

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Homology

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In homology, the homologous structures did in fact evolve from a recent common ancestor. Organisms with homologous structures are more closely related to each other on the tree of life than those with analogous structures.

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Two primary schools of thought in relation to classification.

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Cladistics and Evolutionary Systematics

Cladistics don't have a date associated

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Cladistics

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An approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors.

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Evolutionary Systematics

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Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relationship (serial descent), and degree of evolutionary change

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Primitive vs Derived Characteristics

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Derived is the more modern type

A derived trait is a trait that the current organism has, but the previous one did not have.An ancestral trait is a trait that you, and your ancestors had.

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What is the problem with lumping things into the same genus

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A genus will include different species.

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Why do we study continental drift?

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likely let to groups of animals being isolated

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Endothermic

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In mammals and birds energy is generated internally through metabolic activity.

They are able to self regulate body temperature.

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Adaptive Radiation

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The potential capacity of a group of organisms to multiply is practically unlimited, but its ability to increase its numbers is regulated largely by the availability of resources.

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Parallel Evolution

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is the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades.

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Mosaic Evolution

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The pattern in which physiological and behavioral systems evolve at different rates

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characteristics of a chordate

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Has a Spine! All animals with a nerve cord / supporting cord along the back.

a dorsal hollow nerve cord.

pharyngeal slits.

post-anal tail.

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Characteristics that set primates apart from other mammals.

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Adaptations for an arboreal lifestyle

Broad dietary plasticity

Parental investment

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Adaptive Niche

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An organism's entire way of life: where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators, and so on.

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Characteristics that set old world monkeys apart from new world monkeys.

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NEW WORLD (AMERICAN) AND OLD WORLD (AFRICA and ASIA) MONKEYS:

Nostrils:

New World Flat Nosed

Old World Downward Facing

Premolars and Molars:

New World 3

Old World 2

Tails:

New World Grasping

Old World Not Grasping

Hands:

Old World thumbs are more opposed like ours

Infant Care:

New World Male Involvement

Old World no / or minimal male involvement

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Strepsirhini

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includes lemurs: split nose, grooming claw, tooth comb.

Stronger reliance on smell.

Eye shine, big toe, breeding seasons, multiple births.

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Haplorhini

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Includes: Tarsiers, old and new world monkeys, gibbons, apes and humans.

Dry nose, often diurnal, stronger reliance on sight, larger brain to body ratio, single births, hands and feet more generally adapted.

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Anthropoids

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Belonging or pertaining to the primate suborder Anthropoidea: Characterized by a relatively flat face, dry nose, small immobile ears, and forward facing eyes, comprising humans, apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys.

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Hominoids

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A member of the biological superfamily Hominoidea, including all modern great apes and humans and a number of their extinct ancestors and relatives.

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Hominid

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Any of the modern or extinct bipedal primates of the family Hominidea, including all species of the genera Homo and Australopithecus.

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Prosimians

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Belonging or pertaining to the primate suborder Prosimii, characterized by nocturnal habits, a long face with a moist snout, prominent whiskers, large mobile ears, and large, slightly sideways-facing eyes, comprising the lemur, loris, potto, bush baby and aye-aye.

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Sexual Dimorphism

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Distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

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What do you call the bone that's at the front of your skull?

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Frontal

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What do you call the bone where your ears are located?

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Temporal

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What do you call the bone located at the back of the skull?

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Occipital

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Where are METACARPALS located?

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Hand / Wrist

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Where are METATARSALS located?

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Foot / Ankle

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How many ribs does a human have?

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24

Twelve on each side.

In line with your Thoracic Vertebrae.

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What are the three different sections of the spine?

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Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

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Behavioral Ecology

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The study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. Behaviors and behavioral patterns have been favored because they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals (i.e., they are adaptive) in specific environmental contexts.

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Primate Social Structure

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Single Female & Her Offspring

Monogamous Family Group

Polyandrous Family Group

One Male Several Female Group

Multi-male Multi-female Group

Fission-Fusion Society

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What is a dominance hierarchy?

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A system or set of relationships in animal groups that is based on a hierarchical ranking, usually established and maintained by behavior in aggressive encounters: one or a few members hold the highest rank and the others are submissive to those ranking higher and dominant to those ranking lower.

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What's the purpose of a dominance hierarchy?

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To provide order.

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Define Estrus:

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Ovulation

A recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals: heat.

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K-selected

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Pertaining to K-selection, an adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring, in whom they invest increased parental care. Although only a few infants are born, chances of survival are increased for each one because of parental investments in time and energy.

Birds, elephants, and canids (wolves, coyotes, and dogs) are examples of K-selected nonprimate species.

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r-selected

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Pertaining to r-selection, a reproductive strategy that emphasizes relatively large numbers of offspring and reduced parental care compared to K-selected species.

K-selection and r-selection are relative terms; e.g., mice are r-selected compared to primates but K-selected compared to insects.

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What type of monkey was relocated to South Texas?

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Japanese Macaque

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What is the importance of communication?

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"To convey meaning"

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Are there any Miocene Hominoids (Apes)?

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Yes

In Africa, Europe, and Asia. Not in North America.

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Hominin

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Hominins: Colloquial term for members of the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now extinct bipedal relatives.

Any of a taxonomic tribe (Hominini) of hominids that includes recent humans together with extinct ancestral and related forms.

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Relative Dating

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Relative dating methods tell you that something is older or younger than something else, but not by how much.

If, for example, a fossil cranium is found at a depth of 50 feet and another one at 70 feet at the same site, we usually assume that the cranium at 70 feet is older.

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Chronometric Dating

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Referring to a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years.

(chronos, meaning “time,” and metric, meaning “measure”)

(also known as absolute dating)

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Stratigraphy

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Study of the sequential layering of geological deposits.

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What is the genus of the first Hominid that was found?

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Sahelanthropus

The first early humans, or hominins, diverged from apes sometime between 6 and 7 million years ago in Africa. Sahelanthropus tchadensis has two defining human anatomical traits: 1) small canine teeth, and 2) walking upright on two legs instead of on four legs.

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Where would you find your Nuchal Torus?

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A thickened bony prominence extending transversely across some or all of the back of the head, on the occipital bone, reflecting the pattern of muscle use as it separates the nuchal plane below from the occipital plane above.

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Erectus first appeared where and when?

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East Africa

Approximately 1.8 million years ago

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Homo ergaster

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"The Chinese name for Homo Erectus"

Homo ergaster or African Homo erectus is an extinct chronospecies of the genus Homo that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene, that is, between 1.9 million and 1.4 million years ago.

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Zhoukoudian

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Zhoukoudian or Choukoutien

is a cave system in Beijing, China. It has yielded many archaeological discoveries, including one of the first specimens of Homo erectus.

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What is the tool industry associated with Homo erectus?

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Acheulean

Found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia as far east as Calcutta (East Asia was characterized by a tool tradition called the chopper chopping-tool industry).

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Were there any sites of erectus finds that were associated with butchering?

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Yes

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Have any of the erectus finds been shown to have control of fire?

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No