Anth 231 Final Chapter 13

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GATHERING VEGETABLES CAN LEAD TO

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ACCIDENTAL PLANT-TENDING

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THE SELECTING OF WHAT CAN ALSO CHANGE THINGS

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FOODS WITH BETTER TRAITS

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CULTIVATION SUGGESTS

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PPL DISRUPTING THE LIFE CYCLE OF A PLANT FOR MORE GAIN

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2 FORMS OF CULTIVATION:

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WEEDING AND PRUNING

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USUALLY DUE TO THIS

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A HIGHER YIELD IS THE RESULT

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IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO

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TELL THOUGH FROM THE REMAINS WE HAVE

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EVEN POKING THE SOIL WITH A STICK

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CAN AERATE IT

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TRANSPLANTING IS MUCH MORE

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DELIBERATE

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A TRANSPLANTED PLANT WILL REQUIRE

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TENDING FOR THE REST OF ITS CYCLE

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THIS MAY ALSO LEAD TO THE SAME KIND OF

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PICKING-AND-CHOOSING

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HISTORIC NATIVE AMERICANS OFTEN TRANSPLANTED 2

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CEREMONIAL OR MEDICINAL PLANTS

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SOWING SEEDS CAN BE SEEN AS

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A FORM OF TRANSPLANTING

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EARLY CULTIVATION WAS PROBABLY AIMED AT PRODUCING

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SEASONAL SUPPLEMENTS TO BROAD-BASED VEGGIE DIETS

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THEY WOULD SIMPLY PROVIDE A BETTER ... FOR FOOD

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GUARANTEE

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THE FINAL STAGE IN THE PROCESS OF FOOD PRODUCTION?

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PLANT DOMESTICATION

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AT THIS POINT, PLANTS ARE GROWN BASED ON

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SELECTION OF USEFUL TRAITS

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THIS KIND OF PLANT CAN'T

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SURVIVE WITHOUT HUMAN HELP

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"FIELD AGRICULTURE" IS BASED ON THE IDEA OF

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LAND WHERE ONLY A FEW SPECIES ARE GROWN IN CAREFUL COMBINATION

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ONE OF THE MAIN QUESTIONS ABOUT AGRICULTURE?

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WHY DID PEOPLE CHANGE TO IT?

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SOMETIMES, WHEN FOOD WAS SCARCE OR UNPREDICTABLE, IT COULD HAVE

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BEEN A LITTLE EASIER

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BEFORE 5000 BC WHICH 3?

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CORN, SQUASH, AND BEANS

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WHERE?

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MESOAMERICA

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THEY DIDN'T APPEAR IN NA FOR

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CENTURIES

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RICHARD FORD HAS GROUPED THESE MAIN 3 INTO (T-U-S-A-C)

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THE UPPER SONORAN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX

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MAIZE FARMING REQUIRES A LOT OF

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SEDENTARY LIVING

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OCCASIONALLY, THOUGH, THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN

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CONTACT WITH NOMADIC HG PPL

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THE OPPORTUNITY FOR ADOPTING THE CROPS WAS PROBABLY

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PRESENT LONG BEFORE ANYONE THOUGHT IT WAS WORTH DOING

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THE MAIN PRO

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PREDICTABILITY

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A PERIOD OF UNCERTAIN EXTRA RAINFALL MADE HG

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HIGH-RISK

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DURING FOOD SHORTAGE, WHAT WOULD ALSO BE TOUGH

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FIGHTING OVER TERRITORY

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ANOTHER POSSIBILITY OCCURS AT BISON-HUNTING AREAS: GROWING THINGS DUE TO

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THE NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTAL PLANTS

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INITIALLY, FORAGERS PROBABLY ACCEPT CROPS TO

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BECOME BETTER FORAGERS

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MAYBE CROPS WERE JUST FOR

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SEASONAL SHORTAGES

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THE ORIGINS OF HORTICULTURE SEEM TO BE DIRECTLY RELATED TO AN IMBALANCE BTWN 2

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POPULATION AND AVAILABLE RESOURCES

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FARMING MAY HAVE INCREASED THE DIVISION OF

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LABOUR

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IN WHICH SOCIETY

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ARCHAIC

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TEOSINTE IS THE WILD GRASS

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THAT CORN EVOLVED FROM

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TEHUACAN MEXICO IS WHERE RICHARD MACNEISH

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TRACED THE EMERGENCE OF CORN TO

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HE DISCOVERED THE CHANGES IN CORN BY EXCAVATING ...AMONG OTHER SITES

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COXCATLAN CAVE

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CORN IS ONLY AN EFFECTIVE STAPLE

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WHEN GROWN ALONG OTHER THINGS

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LIKE BEANS OR SQUASH THAT PROVIDE THE NECESSARY

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PROTEIN

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CHAPALOTE IS THE FIRST

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CORN IN THE SW

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SOME EARLY (1750-1650BC) CORN EVIDENCE WAS FOUND IN THE SW AT

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THREE FIR SHELTER

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NEAR

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FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA

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ALTHOUGH IT IS UNCERTAIN IF THIS WAS THE EARLIEST OR NOT, IT IS CERTAIN THAT ...WAS PRESENT FOR THE INTRODUCTION TO CORN

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HIGHER RAINFALL

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THE HYBRID MAIZE THAT FOLLOWED CAN BE FOUND AT SUCH WELL-KNOWN SITES AS

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BAT CAVE

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THE KEY DEV'T CORN IN THE SW

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MAIZ DE OCHO

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BY ABOUT AD 600

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MAIZE DEPENDENCY WAS COMPLETE

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THE SANTA CRUZ BEND SITE BENEFITTED FROM

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FLOODPLAIN MAIZE AGRICULTURE

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MAIZE DATING TO ABOUT 1900BC HAS BEEN FOUND AT ... NEAR FENCE LAKE SOUTH OF ZUNI

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THE OLD CORN SITE

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A RACHIS IS

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THE HINGE THAT HOLDS THE KERNEL TO THE STALK

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MAIZ DE OCHO IS ALSO KNOWN AS

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NEW ENGLAND FLINT CORN

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THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR WITH CORN IS

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WATER

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THE PPL BECAME EXPERTS AT CHOOSING

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SOIL

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THE FARMERS FAVORED 2

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FLOODPLAINS AND ARROYOS

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THE WIDE DISPERSAL OF GARDENS FROM ONE ANOTHER WAS FOR

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RISK MANAGEMENT

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BY 500BC, WHAT PROBABLY APPEARED IN THE SW?

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COMMON BEANS

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BEANS AND CORN

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COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER

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THE LYSINE IN BEANS HELPS TO

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DIGEST THE CORN

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THEY RETURN WHAT TO THE GROUND

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THE NITROGEN THAT THE CORN TAKES

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THEREFORE SOIL

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REMAINED FERTILE LONGER

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THE MAIZE IN THE SW WAS ...-RESISTANT

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DROUGHT

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BY 200BC, SW GRPS HAD BECOME

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LESS MOBILE

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BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL AD600-800 THAT WHAT APPEARED IN ANY NUMBERS

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PERMANENT VILLAGES

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EVERYONE NOW RELIED MORE ON EFFICIENT

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STORAGE

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HOUSES AND SETTLEMENTS

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BECAME LARGER AND MORE PERMANENT

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IN SOME PARTS OF NA LIKE THE MIDWESTERN RIVER BOTTOMS, SEDENTARY SETTLEMENTS APPEAR TO HAVE DEV'D

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LONG BEFORE AGRICULTURE

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IN THE SW, AGRICULTURE WAS

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NECESSARY FOR A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE

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SIZES OF SEDENTARY SETTLEMENTS

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VARIED A LOT

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BASED ON OPPORTUNITIES IN THE 2

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ENVIRONMENT AND FOR FARMING

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THE N SW EARLY VILLAGES WERE SOMETIMES STILL GROUPED UNDER THE LOOSE TERM

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BASKETMAKER

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IMPROVEMENTS WERE MADE IN

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GRINDING IMPLEMENTS

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IN ABOUT AD200, WHAT APPEARS IN THE SW?

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POTTERY

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BOILING STORED MAIZE AND BEANS MAXIMIZED THEIR

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NUTRITIONAL VALUE

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PITHOUSES WERE GOOD BECAUSE THEY ... ESPECIALLY IN THE WINTER

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RETAINED HEAT

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PITHOUSES SHAPE

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OFTEN ROUND

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THE ENTRANCES

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ROOF HATCHES ACCESSED WITH A LADDER

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RECTANGULAR HOUSES BUILT IN PITS, THE ROOF AND WALLS BEING FORMED OF POLES, REEDS, GRASS, AND MUD WITH SMALL HEARTHS JUST INSIDE THE ENTRANCES:

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LOWER SONORAN DESERT HOUSES

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IN ALL BUT THE SMALLEST HOHOKAM VILLAGE, AT LEAST ONE STRUCTURE SEEMS TO BE

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SET ASIDE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES, LIKE AS A PIT HOUSE

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SHABIK'ESCHEE VILLAGE IN CHACO CANYON, NM, HAD ONE WEIRD PIT HOUSE WITH A BENCH ALONG THE INTERIOR THAT WAS BELIEVED TO BE A

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CEREMONIAL BUILDING

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BY AD 700-900, KIVA-LIKE STRUCTURES WERE

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COMMONPLACE IN THE C SW

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ANY LONG-DISTANCE EXCHANGE OF ESSENTIALS AND LUXURIES BY FARMING CULTURES USUALLY RESULTS IN SOME FORM OF

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RANKED SOCIETY

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TRADE WAS APPARENTLY HIGHLY ORGANIZED, AND CONDUCTED BY

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LOCAL LEADERS

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SOME KIVAS MAY HAVE SERVED AS CENTERS FOR

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EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

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WHEN THINGS WERE UNPREDICTABLE, SURVIVAL OFTEN DEPENDED ON

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SOCIAL TIES WITH OTHER VILLAGES

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LUXURY GOODS WERE PRACTICAL IN THAT THEY

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COULD LATER BE TRADED FOR FOOD IF NEEDED

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ONE OF THE MAJOR TYPES OF THINGS TRADED FOR

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RITUAL OBJECTS

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GIFTS WOULD BE

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RECIPROCATED

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IN SW STRUCTURES, ABOUT HALF OF ALL ROOMS WERE

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USED FOR STORAGE

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STRUCTURED ALLIANCES OFTEN INVOLVED ONE OR MORE

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CENTRAL SITES

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BASICALLY UNIFORM

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ARCHITECTURE

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RELATIVELY HOMOGENEOUS

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CERAMIC STYLES

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SOME SIGNS OF SPECIAL

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CRAFTSMANSHIP

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REGULAR PRACTICE OF

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TRADE AND EXCHANGE

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SOME DEGREE OF

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SOCIAL RANKING

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ALLIANCES ALWAYS SEEMED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DRAMATIC

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POPULATION INCREASE