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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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choosing a mate based on natural variations in traits
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sexual selection
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person who came up with sexual selection
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Darwin
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two components of sexual selection
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struggle between males to gain access to mates; struggle by a female to choose the right mate
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differential reproductive success amon the members of the same sex within a given species
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sexual selection
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a difference in size, shape, or color between the sexes
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sexual dimorphism
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the possible offspring output by one sex
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reproductive potential
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a measure of variation from the mean of a population in the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other
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reproductive variance
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notion largely discredited by the rise of Darwinian theory proposing that animals act for the good of their social group or of their species
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group selection
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principle that animals behave perferentially toward their genetic kin
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kin selection
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kin selection formulated by him
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william hamilton
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reproductive success of an organism plus the fitness of its close kin
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inclusive fitness
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field of study that incorporates the concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection
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sociobiology
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small, arboreal, most nocturnal, long wet nose with whiskers, dental comb, eyes facing slightly sideways, large mobile ears, toilet claw on second toe
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prosimians
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mouse to cat sized, from madigascar
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lemurs
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slow moving; short or absent tail, from africa and asia and have large eyes
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lorises
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quick; cat sized; long tail; from africa and asia and have large eyes
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galagos
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squirrel sized, elongated ankle bones, long tail, large eyes, dry nose, vertical clinging and leaping, from S.E. Asian islands
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tarsiers
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larger brain, arboreal and terrestrial, most diurnal, dry nose, short face, small immobile ears, eyes face forward, no dental comb, foramen magnum under skull
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anthropoids
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monkeys and apes
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anthropoids
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central and south america, flat nosed, widely spread nostrils facing outward, prehensile tails, no estrus swellings, arboreal, quadrupedal
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platyrrhines
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new world monkeys and apes
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platyrrhines
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old world monkeys and apes
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catarrhines
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down nosed, narrow downward facing nostrils, no prehensile tails, estrus swellings, ischial callosites (sitting pads)
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catarrhines
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old world monkeys from africa and asia
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cercopithecoids
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sacculated stomachs, arboreal, leaf eaters, old world monkeys from africa and asia
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colobines
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apes
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hominoids
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tailless, chest broader than deep, forelimbs longer than hindlimbs
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hominoids
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the great apes
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pongids
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heavier apes from africa and asia
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pongids
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african knuckle walker
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gorilla
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humans, the peculiar apes
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hominids
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gorillas pans and pongos
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pongids
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hylobatids pongids and hominids
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hominoids
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cercopithecines and colobines
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cercopithecoids
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cercopithecoids and hominoids
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catarrhines
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lemuriforms lorisiforms and tarsiiforms
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prosimians
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platyrrhins and catarrhines
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anthropoids
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callitrichids and cebids
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platyrrhines
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typically omnivorous, mostly terrestrial, have cheek pouches
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cercopithecines
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macaques, baboons, mandrills, guenons, geladas
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cercopithecines
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orangutan genus
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pongo
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sumatra and borneo only, quadrumanual
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pongo (orangutan)
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african arboreal knuckle walkers
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pan (chimpanzee)
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from madagascar
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lemuriforms
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from SE asian islands
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tarsiiforms
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eats grubs out of tree with long finger
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aye aye
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All have small body size, three premolar teeth, and are arboreal
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new world monkeys (platyrrhines)
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mammals that produce without a placenta
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metatheria
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mammals that lay eggs to reproduce
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prototheria
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mammals that reproduce with a placenta and uterus
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eutheria
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infraorder of the order primates that includes the prosimians, excluding the tarsier
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strepsirhine
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infraorder of the order primates that includes the anthropoids and the tarsier
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haplorhines
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member of the primate suborder Prosimii that includes the lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers
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prosimians
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member of the primate suborder Anthropoidea that includes the monkeys, apes, and hominids
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anthropoid
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hypothesis for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for life in the trees
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arboreal hypothesis
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hypothesis for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for catching small prey
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visual predation hypothesis
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the parabolic arc that forms the upper or lower row of teeth
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dental arcade
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active at night
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nocturnal
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active in day
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diurnal
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part of brain that controls higher cognitive function; the cerebrum
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neocortex
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the life cycle of an organism from conception to death
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ontogeny
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group living, a fundamental trait of haplorhine primates
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sociality
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Infraorder of the order primates that is synonymous with the new world monkeys, or ceboids
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Platyrrhini
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grasping tail possessed by some species of the primate families Cebidae and Atelidae
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prehensile tail
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mating system in which one female mates with multiple males
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polyandry
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Infraorder of the order primates that includes the old world monkeys, apes and hominids
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catarrhini
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primates with downward facing nostrils
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catarrhini
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primates with flat shaped noses
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platyrrhini
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sitting pads
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ischial callosities
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double-ridged molar teeth
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bilophodont molars
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infanticide most commonly seen in this group
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colobines
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hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in some female mammals, which corresponds with timing of ovulation
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estrus
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one of the four great apes species: gorilla, chimp, bonobo, or orangutan
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pongid
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member of our own human family, past or present
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hominid
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mode of arm hanging and arm swigning that uses a rotating shoulder to suspend the body of an ape or hominid beneath a branch or to travel between branches
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brachiation
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an animal that eats a diet composed mainly of fruit
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frugivorous
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most socially monogomous of higher primates, very vocal to show territory, long arms, extremely elongated fingers, short thumbs, suspensory shoulder designed for tree top life, frugivorous
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gibbons
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large bodied, extremely sexually dimorphic, highly arboreal, females protect their area and males have control over multiple female areas
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orangutans
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have bimaturism where a male looks like an adolescent so he can approach the female without being detected by the protecting male and mate with the female
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orangutans
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interval between successive births is 8 years
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orangutans
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largest primate
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gorilla
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extremely sexually dimorphic, adolescents have black on back and adults have a patch of grey hair on their back, 4 years between births
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gorilla
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live in one or multimale groups, from which females emigrate at sexual maturity
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gorilla
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males live in small groups until they find a breeding group, either by driving male(s) out or by stealing a few females from an established group
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gorilla
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form of mating system seen in chimps, bonobos, and a few other primates in which there are temporary subgroups but no stable, cohesive groups
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fission-fusion
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live in small community, males venture out to look for other females and possibly recruit them, females wander off alone. at maturity males stay, and females go off to neighboring groups, males form strong bonds with males while females do not with other females
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chimps
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live by learned traditions and pass these on to their offspring
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chimps
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closely related to chimps
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bonobos
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live in a community, males stay at maturation and females leave, females form strong bonds with other females
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bonobos
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hypersexual
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bonobos
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the study of interrelationships of plants, animals, and the physical environment in which they live
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ecology
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animals who eat a diet composed mainly of leaves, or foliage
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folivores
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toxic chemical compounds found in the leaves of many plants which the plants use as a defense against leaf-eating animals
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secondary compounds
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leaving and fruiting cycles of a forest
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phenology
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few offspring, long life span, sheltered and prolonged maturity
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K selection
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the spatial area used by a primate group
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home range
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part of a home range that is most intensively used
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core area
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the part of a home range that is defended against other members of the same species
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territory
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many offspring, short life span, less parental investment
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R selection
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when ovulation is not signaled outwardly but female is still receptive to sex when not ovulating
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continual receptivity
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having traits that attract females but give other costs
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handicap principle
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when a new group male kills the younguns so his lineage will start faster
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infanticide
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V in bottom jaw that sharpens the canine
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canine/premolar honing complex
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V in bottom jaw for canine to fit into
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diastema
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where neck muscles attach, from jawline to jawline
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nuchal crest
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where chewing muscles attach on top of head
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sagittal crest
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scapula flat side to side
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quadripedal
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scapula flat front to back
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bipedal
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specific to primates, bones in inner ear
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petrosal bulla
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a love of home, males leave and females stay
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philopatry
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ability to bear kids
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fecundability
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primates cooperate in this way, in which the actor loses and the recipient gains
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altruism
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hamilton's rule for adaptive altruism
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altruism will increase if and only if the benefit outweighs the cost
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two neural pathways for fear
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1. quick fast and dirty- react quickly so many false alarms
2. slow and clean- may not be fast enough |
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primate social system consisting of multiple males and multiple females
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polygynandrous
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one female with multiple males
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polyandry
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primate social system in which females remain and breed in the group of their birth and males emigrate
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female philopatry
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primate social system in which males remain and breed in the group of their birth and females emigrate
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male philopatry
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hominid intelligence and brain size increase modeled as a result of tool use and extractive foraging
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technical intelligence
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hominid intelligence and brain size increase theorized as a result of benefits of navigating and foraging in a complex tropical forest ecosystem
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ecological intelligence
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hominid intelligence and brain size increase as a result of benefits of being politically and socially clever when living with others
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social intelligence or Machiavellian intelligence
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ability to place oneself into the mind of others
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theory of mind
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approach to understanding the evolution of human behavior that emphasizes the selection of specific behavioral patterns in the context of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness
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evolutionary psychology
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according to evolutionary psychologists, the critical period for understanding the selective forces that shape human behavior; exemplified by hunergatherer lifestyles of hominids before the advent of agriculture
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environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)
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