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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cameron Form
• Verbal Hygiene for women
Cameron Terms to know:
Terms to know:
• Self-Help books
• Verbal Hygiene
• Female Identity
• Talking Like a Man
• Workplace
• Feminist Hygiene
• Indirect vs. Indirect ndexicality
o Probably won’t need to know
o Deine what talking like a man is according to Cameron
o But if he says Define direct indexicality and give three examples of the way it is used
• Becoming aware of the important tems might help you think of the recurring themses in the anthropology
Cameron Form:
Assertive Language by females in the workplace
Cameron Function:
o Theoretically: To signal their intelligence and ability to work in a male
o Real Life: It inadvertently marks them as an in-group marker
Cameron Evidence used Other people’s books
• Does Cmaeron bgo tand read every self-help book?
• No, kind justwent there and said that she read them
• Read a bunch of self-help books
• Comment: Wasn’t just books too, right? Had like programs to help out?
• Maybe. Okay, if you are in doubt, by all means go check it out. At least know you know what to look for.
How Cameron relates
o We have the evidence
• Different ideologies
• Conficting ideologies about what women should and shouldn't do
• Should theysay what they are doing
• Not tolerated by other people, not tolerated when they are even try to please those other people
• Are the ideologies a bout talking like a man effective?
 If you talk like a man, you will be accepted
 These ideolgoes in the self-help book, they say that if you tlka like a man, you will be accepted
 These ideologies are not effective because you have to educae the man too
• Comment: The men have to be wilng to accept the women into the world
• In relation to the concept of business, do these ideologies correctly or incorrectly
• Do you informatively or naively make assumptions about the contetxt where these will be put into use?
 Comment: Ideologies aren’t necessarily consisten with thei work ability? Does really demonstrate anything about them beinga good worker
• Doesn’t take into account how men feel about this
• These are contextually naïve and puts a serious hamper on their effectiveness
• Yes yes?
• One other thing thought was kind of interesting to note is that a lot f the time, you have these linguistic anthropologist pointing out a roblem
• Labov talks about how these kids aren’t doing so well in the school
• They sit there and be silent
• A lot of them point out a problem
o Do many of them propose a solution? NNo. In relation to the problem, they’re forcing them to change
Cameron What is the problem with the first
• Women don’t function well in the workplace
 Solution, you talk like a man
 Cameron tears down the solution
 Some linguistic anthropologist will give solutions
 Doesn’t do that often a
 Does give an appreciation in this course is that if you ever reading one these papers or watching politics
 It is really ahrd to point out a problem
• Hard topiot out a solution
• Give them a grin of salt
o In academics and politics, that is one fact you will see in linguistic anthropology
Collins Purpose
o There is a problem with kids coming to college
• They tried to respect eeveryone’s right
• That is a stid solution that doesn’t work
• I don’t have a beter solution for you
• He has a solution and kind of points to the status quo and says to do so
• Collins does the same thing that Cameron does
Collins Terms
o Standard Enlgish
o Non-standard Enlgihs
o Basic or regular English class
Collins Forms
o There is the class where kids are ltaught where theyrir linguistic style should be valued and toleartaed
Collins Function
o To be tolerant and provide a solution to this
o The form is the class
o The form is the class
o Form is The form of the basic class, the function is to solve the problem of kids who can’t write
Collins Result
o The kids go through the class
o Your linguistic style gets style
• They go to other classes and fail becaue they can’t write standard English
• So what is the evidence that Coollins gives
 Test cores and grades
 Extensive Emprical evidence
• A little of ethnographic evidence from interviewing people
 Hwoever, the ajority is one his empirical dta
 Will find mixes of both kinds of evidence
 If you look at Chun, though she had a recording where they said 22 ya’lls
 Mostly empirical and just has an ethnographic to give it a “I was there, touchy felly” touch
• Dominant ideology of tolerance
 If you want to value tolerance but you need to be effective
 Lingua franc which is standard English for communication to take place
 It also shows that in terms of real world
• How the majority culture owrks
• Even strongest supported ideologies don’t work really well because they are equally usupported by everything else
• Yes, you can say that we value the wa that you write
• But in the ned, tit is not really effective
Collins Purpose
• All langauges can esentailly communicate the same thing
 In linguistic that is bad
 So as I menitoed before, there is a example ofwhere solution was tested
 He never proposes another solution
• Basically, if you want to do it write, you have to make them earn English
• That is not being tolerant
• The problem is only rmaed in realtedon to the tolerant
• Being intolerant is against the politically correct against the political ideologies that frame their practice
Kroskity
Linguistic purism in Arizona Tewa culture

o Lanugage that they don’t mix
• Comment: They recognize that in ther own culture
• Ideology that you don’t mix with
 Don’t you mix
 Code switching
 Tewa havea verystrong ideology that they
• Comment: They use other languages to incorporate
• From the hundresd of yeas of
Kroskity Terms that need to be identified
• Tewa
• Kiva ceremony
• Lanage conservation/ purism
- Whatever that is
Kroskity form
• Studing the oler male style speec used in the Kiiva ceremony
Kroskity function of language
• Keeping their traditions
• Becomes the idea language for the community
• It is a relfection of thir stonrgest identiy iwhich is cultural purism which says that keeping it there
• Serves to keep it there
• You have this form
• I gues there are two type of forms here
 There is the literal form
 Kroskity has two arguments
• 1. Lniguistc form, which is this language
• 2. Function- to keep this tradition alive through the ceremony
o Keep their cultural ideologies intact and so on and so forth

• Linguitic purity
 Second argument is about the form of linguistic purity that is a form
 The function is then
• The other neighbors enslaved by Spaniards
o Disbursed d and died out
o Learned other langauges
o The Hopi are also most there, but the kind of assimilated and they are a bigger goup
o For he other roups that are near them, none of them are there anymore
o Absorved into American culture
o What they attribute their existence as a cultural group due to linguistic purity
o You keep this language pure
o Keep our culture intact
o Keep our cultural language distinct and survive as a community
o That is what Kroskity is claiming that htye are claminig
Kroskity What was his evidencve?
• Ethnogrpahic
o What did he do?
o He observed ceremonies, observed whippings when people borke it
o Stuyd of neighboring langugages that did or dinot absorb into Spanish culture
 He has an interesting point which you an ink back to the lquesiton aboutideolgies conficting with each other
• On one hand you have the Tewa
• We’re only using our language
• We’re not using anyone else’s language
• They’re being elitist
o Kroskity says not racist, elitist or but instead multiculrual
o Cultrally pure because they know other languges
o They take the tie to learn other languages well
• You wouldn’t do that unless you were intesred in them, but they just don’t mix them together
• That’s not elitist, right?
 There youh have the other two ideologies

o He also has one more reason why he doesn’t consider them to be racist or elitist
• During the ceremony when youa are supposed to be using that stylistic speech
• Code switching is okay in inforl settings, never okay in formal settings
 But doesn’t that contradict their linguistic purism theory? Why do they do it?
 There are always going to be contradictions
 You will have disagreemnts
• Comment: So ulture is never erally simle
 Do they believe in linguistic purism in everday speech
 They don’t like innovation in their language geneally, but they use code switching
Kroskity Relation to Frame
o One other reason to suppor t his own conclusion
• Weren’t being racist beacasuse…
 Comment: Purism appeared before other cultural influences
 But these guys had the concept in their own terms beore the Europeans
• Trying to label it according to Eurpean cultre would be inaccurate
o It’s not racist because they don’t view it as racist
4 auhors defending minority
Hill defeind Spanish speakers
LippiGreen defending non-standard English
Puckett defending Melungeon
Chun defending Asian-Americans
Puckett article subject
 Interacial mixing between blacks, melungeon
Puckett article details
 Used sacred speech
• Used a religious style of speech
• People who have mixd heritage
• Appalachia
o Interior southeast
o Appalachia
o Wante to reject the African part of their heritage and
• Even though they are celebrating their heritage, they are not saying that they are part-black
o Stigmatized minority
o Don’t want to be associated with another more stigmatized minority group of the blacks

• Melungeon Identity
 Where the Hillbilly belt meets the Bible Belt
• Comparing Family lines
 Compare genealogy to each other
• Witnessing is what they were talking about
 Act by which you as a Christain
• Give an explanation of god and Jessus to spread this message
• In witnessing, they use it to recount andom events that happen
• Ones that they think are
• Author gives one example of the story were
• The stwoman who ais at a cultural fair
• She had a booth
• She was itting at the booth
• HadSoul was there was watching her
o Litle lady came to talk to her
o This is awesome
o Amazing spirituaual personal moment there
o This is witnessing
o Telling a story in that kind of way
o UTelling that way
• What is the form that Puckett is styding
 She is studying two linguistic formal functional regularities
 Formal functional regulariites
 Forms:
• Discussing heritage
• Witness
Function of Melungeons in Puckett
 In-group markers
• Comparing genealogy
• Recounting tales using th
o In-group markers for being melungeon
o Hillbillies or rednecks who happen to be mixed heriage and live in southwestern Appalachia
o Same function to indicate as in-group markers
o Melungeons can identify each other
Puckett Evidence
 Pretty much ethnographic
• Saw this happen
• Interviewed and physically recorded
o Physical evidence that she had
Puckett why did Glick have you read this?
 You can do a lot worse than by looking at Glick’s mappings
 Why did Glick include this article
 Shows tolerane for minorties for these peole
 Advocating tolerance
• Is tolerance a good thing?
o In this article she appeals to this
o You should be tolerant because you should be tolerant
• She is defending minority rights
o She is sticking up for minority rights
 Any other
 Used to gain repsect
• They did in the past fifty years
• Melungeons have begun to become normal white people anyways
• Theyy are trying to win respect from all of the other people in the areas to win over what they
• Why is it good that you are accepted theway that you area, because it is a good thing
• Does this author have any
o On those two dimensions
• Is this worser or gooder
• Pucketts makes a more evidence
• Some authority to claim expert status
 Use value
 It is stronger than
 If someone was going to
• Target audience
 Explain why they act the way they act
 That pretty miuch cvers it
 We might think of other things as we go along
 For now we’re pretty good
Chun purpose
• Nonconformist
o Tick it to the white man
What are some of the improtnat terms to be defined in Chun
• AAVE
 African American Vernacular English
• Imagined AAVE
 E imagine how AAVE they speak
• Model Minority Image
 Will hear that so many times you want to stab them
 They don’t give problems as much as they used to
• Disadvantaged
• They have successfully integrated into society
 Ideology that Korean-American
• They are modles they become economically successful
• They on part with the
• The form she is studying is the use of AAVE by Korean-American
Chun forms
AAVE, CRAAVE
Chun functions
 Indexes
• Being cool
• Stick it to the man
• Heterosexual
• In-group marker
 There are two hours total
• Ethnographic
• That specifically would be empirical, but would be ethnographic for those exceptions
o What is important about this article?
• Tolerance for Korean-American
• Shouldn’t stereotype them
• 1One of the very first instances where she got in front of the class and said it was bad anthropology
 Not very comeplleing
 Her conclusins not vey strongly supported
 She is saying that a Korean-American uses AAVE term tey must be doing one of these functions
 By the odds probably not true
 Do ou remember in Hill’s article
• Dual indexicality is
 Directly, They’re using the language in one group to achieve a purpose
• To seem smart
 Indirectly, they are using it as part of the language, but coverty they are using it to be reacist
 Based on a negative image
• You are relying
• Directly, they are
 If dual indexicality is true
 You can lok at this article and see that Koreans using Black speaking
• Not Spanish
• They have a direct indexical function to say that we’re cool and hetrosexual, white and proud of it
• But Hill would say that in doing so, she is still relying on these negative stereoytpes to do so
 Chun’s point of view
o Asian-Americans use AAVE to perform the function of making themselves seem masculine, non-passive non-minority model image
o KoreanAmerican men use AAVe to oppose and break the minority model image
• A World of Differnences
o Cultural Miscommuncation
• Miscommunication is “foregrounding”
Terms we need to find in Video
• Cultural Miscommunication/ Foregrounding
 Technical description
 Using the temrs from the frame
 Always gets you good points on the short answers in this class
Forms in Video
intercultural foregrounding
Video Function
• Miscommuncation
• Functional misunderstandings
• Embarrassed t, offended, traumatized for life possibly
• What kind of evidence is used?
 Interviews
 Testimoials
 Ethnographic
 No empirical evidence nthevideo
• The whole message of the video
 Indexes the liberal identity of the people who made the video
 Are the other authors maybe indexing their liberalness? Why else would they stick up for the mioity gourps?
 If you are tolerant,
Why show the video?
o They had this assumption that tolerance is a good thing
• Tolerance is a good thing
• It is a ideology all of the way down
• Not really a good argument
• So actually let’s talk abot it
• Is this a good argument
• Owe much effort they went to get their evidence
o Does it give a new way of seeing things?
• You could be tolerant and not be
• On a whole, not really
o If someone followd that advice, there are difference between you and another culture
• If you ask a lot of questions
• You will be ready for whateve happens
• However does this video propose a solution
 Not really supported, but it does try
• That is all that can be proposed about this video
Bucholtz Terms
• AAVE
• SuperStandard English
• Nerd
Terminology social understand
Uinsg technical when not needed
• Start using in everday life
• What is the form that she is studying
 Use of super-standard English
Bucholtz Functions
 To separate whites and African-Americans
 Makes them seem more intelligent compared to their peers
• Overachievers
• Using this language, they separate themselves
• Use it to in their own way seem cool
• To seem more intelligent than they really are
What kind of evidence does Bucholtz use?
• Ethnographic interview
• Listens to them in the hallway
• Spesnds a lot of time in the school
 Questions 1, 2 3 or 4
 Why is this article significant
 Tolerance
 Defending minority group of nerds
 Indexing her own liberal ideology
• Not finding any solutions of nerds being picked on
Relation of Bucholtz to other articles?
 They were linguistic purity
• They were very strict about not incorporating their language
• Racist, but about them
• Kroskity claims
• Could you use linguistic purity to descrive nerdom in Bucholtz?
o They don’t like
o Tewaare racist
o They think that they are bête than everyone else
o In Krosiy
o He says that Tewa being linguistically pure and being kind of snobby but the’re not racist because
• They do take tie to learn other langues
• The just don’t mix languages
• ThWhile they do this, they are not racist
• They are racist
• Elitist
• Use lingijstc prity like Bucholtz does
 Buhotz says they are pretty much beig elitist
 1. It is significant that in the evidence the nerds said
• Both the nerds and the non-nerds agreed who were nerdsa and non-nerds
• Both in-groups and out-groups identified themselves as such
• As oppose to say the Melungeons as a in-group marker
• Identity movement because not really care
 Both nerds and non-nerds can identify who they are
 2. Interplay with the majority and minroti y and using forms from the other groups
 They are either __ or ___
Tolerant or racist
If you have a normal person who when interacting with these
Tolerant and interacting on there own level
Or they are being racist
What ifa nerd in the minroti y usiese a majority
They’re perceived a sellout
Majority would see them as a wanabe, phony and fake
Identity 3 authors who propose problems, not
• Collins proposes this, but does not propose solutions
- Hill finds covert racist language in mock spanish, but provides no solution for it
- Lippi-Green finds a hidden bias in Disney movies intended for children, but offers no solution