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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sedentism
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The lifestyle associated with residence in permanent villages, towns, and cities, generally associated with the mergence of farming.
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Domestication
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The process by which human selection causes genetic changes in plants and animals.
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Neolithic
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The "New Stone Age" characterized by stone tools used for harvesting and processing grains.
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Diffusion
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The spread of culture through contact
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Edge hypothesis
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Explanation for the rise of farming, which says that plant domestication first occurred in marginal areas.
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Tell
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A mount formed over time through the build-up of human settlements and the accumulation of trash.
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Horticulture
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A mode of production based on growing domesticated crops in gardens using simple hand tools.
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Agriculture
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A mode of production that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer. Also called "farming."
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Religion
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Beliefs and actions related to supernatural beings and forces.
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Pastoralism
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A mode of production based on keeping domesticated animal herds and using their products, such as meat and milk, for most of the diet.
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Archaic
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The time period in the New World, from about 8000 to 2000 BCE, when foragers began to domesticate plants.
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Teosinte
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The wild ancestor of maize (corn).
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Mesoamerican triad
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Maize, squash, and beans--the three most important domesticated plants in the Mesoamerican Neolithic.
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Phytolith
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Microscopic fossil plant remains.
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State
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A form of political organization with a bureaucracy and diversified governmental institutions designed to administer large and complex societies.
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Circumscription
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The tight bounding of a society in a small area.
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Chiefdom
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A form of political organization that has a central leader and encompasses several smaller political units.
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Social stratification
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Hierarchy and inequality among different groups.
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Empire
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A form of long-term political organization that involves rule over multiple states, territories, and ethnic groups.
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Settlement pattern research
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A research approach that emphasizes the relationships of settlments with their environment and each other.
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Ziggurat
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A large mud-brick platform supporting public and religious structures in the early cities of Mesopotamia.
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Bureaucracy
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A form of administration that is hierarchical, specialized, and relies on record keeping.
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Pictographic
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In writing, elements in which a sign stands for a concept.
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What is a Tenuta?
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the name for an Estate in Italian
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Intensification
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The use of inputs of increased human labor and technology such as plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer in order to increase agricultural productivity of a given plot of land.
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dynamic model
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The view that all states go through cycles of expansion and decline.
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