Anth 05 Final Review

Front 1

Zombie

Back 1

a corpse that has been raised from the grave and animated. not to be feared

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Cremation

Back 2

funerary practice of burning the body

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The Soul

Back 3

the non-corporeal, spiritual, component of an individual

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Purgatory

Back 4

in Roman Catholicism, a place where souls that are in a state of grace but need purification end up

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Forensic Anthropologist

Back 5

specialist in the analysis of the human skeleton in a legal context. a sub-division of Physical Anthropology

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The Serpent and the Rainbow

Back 6

the tale of Wade Davis and his encounters with Haitian Vodou and Zombies

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Zombie Powder

Back 7

upon administration a substance that causes the recipient to appear dead. allegedly contains pieces of dried, occasionally lethal puffer fish.

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Burial

Back 8

the most common method worldwide of body disposal

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Ancestor Worship

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a catch-all term used by anthropologist to describe the beliefs and behaviors surrounding the veneration of departed family members

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Ghost

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a manifestation of an individual after death that remains n the vicinity of the community. generally seen as a negative force and can bring about illness and other misfortune

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Exposure

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the practice of Sky Burials in Tibet is an example of this method of getting rid of the body

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Karma

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in Hinduism and Buddhism, the cumulative result of actions (good and bad) from previous lives

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Secondary Burials

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often marks the end of the mourning period. commonly involves digging up, processing and reburying the body in the same way

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Endocannibalistic anthropophagers

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the Yanomamo of Brazil are termed this based upon the way they dispose of their dead

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Reincarnation

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a belief in an immortal, eternal soul that is born again and again in different bodies

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Mummification

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the technique of preserving a dead body involving drying and preservatives, reserved for the elite in ancient egypt

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Relic

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an object of religious veneration especially a piece of the body or a personal item of a religiously important person, such as an ancestor or saint

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Vampife

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a person who has died before his or her time and who brings about the death of friends and relatives until his or her corpse is "killed"

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Geomancy

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within Japanese culture, this is a method of determining the location and orientation of structures within the household in order to create Feng Shui

Front 20

Transmigration

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a soul passing from one body to another (human animal inanimate object)

Front 21

A famous individual associated with the vampire legend and who would later inspire the iconic vampire novel Dracula by Bram Stoker was ______________ who was said to have killed from 200,000-400,000 European civilians mainly by making them on very sharp poles.

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.

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Another historical character tied to vampiric tales was _____________ who was said to have tortured and killed anywhere between 36-70 young women in order to bathe in/drink their blood to preserve her youth.

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.

Front 23

In wchich organ did the ancient Egyptians believe a part of one's soul resided?

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.

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the most famous oracle of the classical and hellenistic world was located at ________ in Greece.

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Delphi

Front 25

which god did the priestess (pythia) channel in order divine?

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Apollo

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from the viewpoint of the Pythia, which of the below categories would her divination actions fall under?

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Inspirational/Deliberate

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Divination

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A general term for techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future

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Oneiromancy

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Divination by dreams

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Sorcery

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compelling the supernatural to behave in certain ways, usually with evil intent. often done in secret and can be severely anti-social

Front 30

Law of Similarity

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one of two main laws of the Law of Sympathy as created by James Frazer in The Golden Bough

Front 31

Ordeals

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a trial by divination that is performed on the body of the accused person to determine guilt or innocence

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Image Magic

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a type of magic that creates an image to represent an animal or person who then can be killed injured by doing something to the image

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Illusion

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acts that rely on some sort of trickery and deception. may also be used by religious specialists to add to the ambiance of ritual to bring the audience in on the experience of the specialist

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Apantomancy

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divination by a chance meeting with an animal

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Tasseology

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divination by tea leaves

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Theory

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a framework for understanding that is supported by a large amount of consistent scientific data

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Necromancy

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divination by the dead or spirits or souls of the dead recently deceased

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Astrology

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divination by celestial bodies

Front 39

Hypothesis

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tentative statement based upon experimental and observational data that is subject to further study

Front 40

Doctrine of Signatures

Back 40

labeled "alternative medicine" in the U.S: the principle that signs telling of a plans medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself

Front 41

Homeopathic magic

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a type of magic based on the laws of similarity. there is a casual relationship between things that appear to be similar

Front 42

Law of Contagion

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one of two main laws making up the law of sympathy as created by James Frazier in the golden bough: objects that were once in contact continue to be connected after that connection is severed

Front 43

Increase Rite

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among Australian aborigines: fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of the totem animal. seen as essential to an animals life cycle. involves dance and painting of the body.

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Magic

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methods that somehow interface with the supernatural and by which people bring particular outcomes

Front 45

Scapulamancy

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divination by cracks and burns on a sheep or human shoulder bone. practiced in ancient rome

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Spell

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an oral text that is transmitted without change from generation to generation. must be recited exactly with the correct phasing, wording, pausing, etc. one slip up could invalidate the magic

Front 47

Discovery and Invention

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means through which internal cultural change occurs. a discovery is a new awareness of something that exists in the environment. an invention occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem

Front 48

Diffusion

Back 48

the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another. when two groups such as those withing a culture area, face similar problems, solutions that are developed in one group through discovery and invention might be adopted by the other

Front 49

Stimulus Diffusion

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a new trait invented by a culture based upon a similar trait introduced by a neighboring culture

Front 50

Acculturation

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the process whereby a culture received traits from a dominant society. when two technologically unequal societies come into contact with each other the subordinate society will experience change as traits are accepted from the dominant society, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits into the culture

Front 51

Assimilation

Back 51

a condition whereby a dominated culture has changed so much because of outside influences that it ceases to have its own distinct identity ex:many native american groups, "western culture"

Front 52

Syncretism

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a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet permitting the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new from ex: sarapis, trobriand cricket

Front 53

Diaspora

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movement of a population out of their homeland ex: Judaism, haitian

Front 54

Hatian Vodou

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a religion founded in Haiti and the Hairian diaspora centered around the main symbols of art and dance. Fon, Kongo and Yoruba beliefs of west africa combine with christian elements to form vodou. vodou means "spirit" or "deity" in the Fon language

Front 55

Revitalization Movement

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A movement that forms in an attempt to deliberately bring about change in society

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Nativistic Movements

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a type of revitalization movement that develops in traditional societies that are threatened by the activities or more technologically advanced societies

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Revivalistic Movements

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attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture ex: celtic revival ireland

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Messianic Movements

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a type of revitalization movement that is based on the appearance of a divine savior in human form who will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within society

Front 59

Millenarian Movements

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a type of revitalization movement that envisions change through the apocalyptic transformation

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Athane

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a ritual knife used in Wiccan ritual to cast circles

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Denomination

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a religious group that differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion

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Sect

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a new branch of mainstream religion usually involving new revelations, new scriptures and a new leader

Front 63

High Demand Religion

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a religious group in which much is demanded of members in terms of strict adherence to rules for thought and behavior

Front 64

Choice Fatigue

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a situation in which individuals in a culture are faced with too many options, such as when a single dominant church is replaced by numerous denominations and sects

Front 65

Fundamentalism

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a religious movement characterized by a return to fundamental principles usually including a resistance to modernization and an emphasis on certainty through a literal interpretation of scriptures

Front 66

Totalism

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the belief that religion is relevant to and should be a part of all parts of society

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Structuralism

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the practice of justifying beliefs and actions by reference to the religious text. these are generally held to be inerrant and represent certainty and stability in a rapidly changing world

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traditioning

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the idea that religious texts are relevant to life today

Front 69

Attribute Gods

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gods who rule over a narrowly defined domain (ares god of war, artemis goddess of the hunt)

Front 70

Avatar

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non human entities that are made to resemble humans in appearance and behavior

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Monotheism

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the belief in one God

Front 72

Succubae

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female demons who have sex with human men while they sleep, resulting in damnation of the men's soul

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Angels

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in Christianity, Judaism and Islam these are these are the mediators between humanity and God. Often represented as agents of revelation, executors of divine will or as witnesses to divine activity

Front 74

Creator God

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responsible for the creation of the physical earth and the plants and animals that live on it

Front 75

Demons

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considered evil spirit beings in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. In Roman Catholicism, these are also the spirits ousted during excorcism

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Shrine

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an object or building that contains sacred objects or is associated with a venerated person or deity

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Otiose God

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a remote God who is too uninterested in human activity to participate in human fate

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Polytheism

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the belief in many gods

Front 79

Agnosticism

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literally "knowledge not attainable". the question of the existence of a god is unsolvable.

Front 80

Black Jinn

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in the village of Hofriyat of northern Sudan, possession by this spirit leads to serious illness and sometimes death

Front 81

Incubi

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male demons who have sex with human women while they sleep, resulting in the birth of demons, witches and deformed children

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Spirit

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a supernatural being that is less powerful than a god and is usually more localized; often one of a collection of non individualized supernatural beings that are not given specific names and identities

Front 83

Misogynistic

Back 83

characterized by hatred of women

Front 84

Pantheon

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a collection of gods within a polytheistic religious system

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Anthropomorphic

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the incarnation of embodiment of a god in human form

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Supreme God

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the head god within a pantheon. the god with the most power

Front 87

Red Jinn

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Also called Zar (Zairan), this spirit usually possess women of childbearing age in the village of Hofriyat in northern sudan. possession is lifelong and women will attend possession ceremonies, wear clothing and ear a specific diet to pacify the Zar

Front 88

Atheism

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Literally "no God". Disbelief in or denial of the existance of god or gods

Front 89

the world's "big 3" monotheistic religions must reconcile god as being: Ominpotent meaning "all powerful". Omnibenevolent meaning _____________. _____________ meaning all knowing

Back 89

all good/omniscient

Front 90

a mental disorder specific to a particular culture or religion, as exemplified by the phenomena of demonic possession in Roman Catholicism discussed in class, is an example of an _____________.

Back 90

epilepsy

Front 91

what religion worships the god Shiva?

Back 91

hinduism

Front 92

from which religious system does the god Esu-Elegba belong to?

Back 92

Yoruba Orish

Front 93

in the 13th century, formal investigation whereby a unit of the Roman Catholic Church would convene to judge cases of heresy

Back 93

Inquisitions

Front 94

initiation into this type of witchcraft is know as initiation into Witchery Way. usually learned from a family member and requires the killing of a close relative. this is a taboo subject not discussed in public. functions to provide a culturally acceptable manifestation of bad or amoral behavior

Back 94

Navajo Witchcraft

Front 95

crimes against god

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Heresy

Front 96

Introduced in 1252 by pope innocent IV authorizing the imprisonment , torture, execution and property seizure of heretics

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Ad Extirpanda

Front 97

a supporter of the continental European witch craze who opened the door for its occurrence in the British isles in the 1640's

Back 97

King James I of Scotland

Front 98

symbol for the church of Satan: an inverted pentacle with a goat

Back 98

Sigil of Baphomet

Front 99

a decree from 2 roman emperors that proclaimed religious tolerance in the roman empire

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Edict of Milan

Front 100

a farming society at the edge of the settled world where accusations of witchcraft erupted in 1692 resulting in the jailing of over 100 people and the execution of 19

Back 100

Salem

Front 101

this 1937 publication put a little known group located in parts of the southern Sudan and northeastern democratic republic of Congo "on the map" anthropology wise and made Evans pritchard famous

Back 101

Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande

Front 102

the pursuit of or devotion to pleasure as a matter of principle

Back 102

Hedonism

Front 103

known as the "hammer against witches" this was a book put out in 1486 by the Catholic church which served as a general reference in classifying a persecuting witches

Back 103

Mallaeus Maleficarum

Front 104

the founder and supposed surviving leader of the church of satan

Back 104

Anton Szandor la Vey

Front 105

termed Mangu, innate to an individual and passed down from parent to child of the same sex. serves to provide an explanation for unexpected diseases/calamities. the afflicted person must be the object of a witch's hatred or jealousy in some way

Back 105

Azande Witchcraft

Front 106

the worship of satanic principle representing power, virility and sexuality. main tenants include: responsibility for own actions, lust, greed selfishness are things to be embraced as the normal state of a human being

Back 106

Satanism

Front 107

established 1227-1235 official regulation of inquisition activities by Roman Catholicism and the pope

Back 107

Papal Inquisition

Front 108

the roman emperor famous for converting to Christianity on his death bed, ending the persecution of Christians and instating religious tolerance in the realm

Back 108

Constantine I

Front 109

the ability of a person to cause harm by means of a personal power that resides within the body of the witch

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Witchcraft

Front 110

found primarily in India, the near east, parts of Europe and Mexico, the belief that a person is able to cause illness or some other type of misfortune simply by looking at or praising something or someone

Back 110

The Evil Eye

Front 111

the most Satanist movement founded in 1966 and based on the principle that "human beings are inherently selfish, violent creatures". indulgence over abstinence, vengeance over forgiveness, love only to those who deserve it

Back 111

Church of Satan

Front 112

used by navaho witches to kill and is often blown into the mouth and nose of a victim while sleeping or during a ceremonial

Back 112

corpse powder

Front 113

from our in class video of the Gnani village of Ghana, what type of oracle determines whether or not someone is a witch?

Back 113

slicing the throat of a chicken waiting to see if it dies with its legs up or down

Front 114

the Gnani villages view on witchcraft may be likened mostly to the ethnographic example of...?

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Mangu

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from our in class video on the sonora witches market in mexico what did the anthropologist uncover that caused him and the entire group that chanced upon the discovery to be in need of a spiritual cleansing?

Back 115

Hexing Rtual