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344 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ______ is the most common site of anterior segment pathology.
|
eyelid
|
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Acute ulcerative/staphylococcal blepharitis
Presents with |
a. brittle, crusty, yellowish scales along the lid margins (collerettes)
b. Lid margins are tender and red c. A secondary keratoconjunctivitis with superficial punctate keratitis and infiltrates is commonly present at the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 10-o’clock positions. |
|
Acute ulcerative/staphylococcal blepharitis treatment
|
d. Treatment consists of general lid hygiene, including warm compresses and lid scrubs; antibiotic ointments are applied at least twice per day; if SPK and infiltrates are present, an antibiotic/steroid combination may be utilized; follow-up is in 2 weeks.
|
|
Seborrheic/Squamous Blepharitis
Presents with |
greasy, oily, dandruff-like scales along the lid margins
2. Patients may be asymptomatic or may complain of burning because of acidic tears and fast break-up time of the tear film 3. Seborrheic dermatitis may be present |
|
Seborrheic/Squamous Blepharitis
Treatment |
Treatment consists of generalized lid hygiene and control of any seborrhea with shampoos, e.g., Sebutone, Sebulex, Fostex, selenium sulfide, or zinc pyrithione. Tear film may be affected and require treatment. Antibiotic ointments or antibiotic/steroid are indicated if the patient manifests active inflammation
5. Dermatology consult if the other skin condition warrants 6. Follow-up in 2/4 weeks |
|
Mixed blepharitis is
|
1. A chronic seborrheic blepharitis with superimposed acute bacterial involvement
2. Treatment consists of short-term treatment of the acute process and long-term treatment of the chronic process using shampoos and lid hygiene |
|
___________ is a mite that lives in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of almost everyone over the age of 50
It Presents as an acute blepharitis with intense itching in _________ Treat with ____________ |
Demodex Follicularum
the morning lid hygiene and ointment, 1% Mercuric Oxide, at bedtime to entangle the mites |
|
this is presence of lice in the lashes
It Presents clinically with _________ at the base of the lashes and intense itching and irritation Treat with |
Pediculosis Palpebrum
brownish black nodules Kwell or Rid shampoos and yellow oxide of mercury ointment on the lid margins Treat other family members |
|
_________ is the loss of eyelashes or eyebrows.
|
Madarosis
|
|
Thickening of the eyelids due to long term ulcerative blepharitis is known as
|
Tylosis
|
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Meibomianitis treatment
|
Treatment with hot compresses QID, gland expression, and antibiotic ointment to the lid margins
|
|
This is a sterile granulomatous inflammation of a meibomian gland or a duct of a meibomian gland
It Presents as a nonpainful, palpable localized lump Treatment includes: |
chalazion
vigorous hot compresses and steroid ointment or intralesional injection of steroid, e.g., triamcinolone if the chalazion is small; if the lesion is larger than 10mm, excision. Most resolve without surgical excision |
|
External Hordeolum is
|
An acute abscess infection of a lash follicle or a gland associated with a lash follicle
B. Unilateral pain, redness, and swelling along the lid margin pointing toward the skin of the lid |
|
T/F An external hordeolum will cause patient to be in pain
|
T
|
|
____________ is An acute abscess infection presenting as a focal area of pain, redness, and swelling of the meibomian gland
There may be preauricular node involvement C. Observe for cellulitis D. Treatment consists of |
Internal Hordeolum
hot compresses QID and antibiotics, Polysporin, Tobramycin Q3H, Ciloxan, Ocuflox E. Follow-up in 3-5 days and observe for cellulitis |
|
An acute diffuse spread of inflammatory cells and debris through the loose tissue of the lid
|
Preceptal Cellulitis
|
|
Orbital Cellulitis is a
very serious, potentially life-threatening inflammation that proceeds behind the _________ Patient will have marked ________ C. Impaired ocular _____ D. Marked pain and fever Treatment includes: T |
orbital septum
proptosis motility he patient should be hospitalized and treated with IV antibiosis |
|
___________ is ayellow-gray, crusty, often weeping lesion of the skin
|
Impetigo
|
|
Acyclovir Zovirax
dosage |
HZ: 800mg 5 X D X 7D
HS: 400mg 5 X D X 7D |
|
Valacyclovir Valtrex dosage
|
HZ: two 500mg tabs tid X 7D
HS: 500mg tabs tid X 7D |
|
Famciclovir Famvir dosage
|
HZ: 500mg tid X 7D
HS: 500mg bid X 7D |
|
Molluscum contagiosum is a:
It may shed active ____ into the cul-de-sac, causing a follicular conjunctivitis 3. Short-term treatment consists of |
1. A white, round, waxy, noninflamed, umbilicated lesion
2.virus 3.curement; permanent treatment consists of surgical removal |
|
___________ is a chronic, idiopathic skin disorder resulting in a facial flush and sebaceous gland hypertrophy
2. 30% of the cases present with blepharokerato-conjunctivitis 3. Treat with systemic |
Acne rosacea
tetracycline 250 mg QID |
|
Catarrhal
is characterized by a |
white, stringy discharge
b. May be caused by allergic conjunctivitis |
|
Papillae are
|
a. Nodular elevations with central vascular tufts
|
|
This disease:
1. Occurs over 2-3 days 2. Eyes took meaty red with a mucopurulent discharge 3. Lashes matted in the morning 4. Papillae may be present 5. Rule out chlamydia infection 6. Treat with lid hygiene, irrigation, warm compresses, and antibiosis 7. Follow-up in 5 days |
Bacterial conjunctivitis
|
|
This type of conjunctivitis occurs in minutes to hours in type 1 ypersensitivty reactions and in hours to days in type 4 hypersensitivty reactions. Its hallmark is ITCHINESS
|
Allergic conjunctivitis. Papillae are usually present. Treat with an NSAID/ antihistamine, mast cell stabalizar
|
|
________ is a new growth or malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue. May infitrate adjacent tissues or give rise to metastasis
|
carinoma
|
|
A lesion that is flat is known as a
|
macule
|
|
A lesion that has superfiical elevation is known as a
|
papule
|
|
______ means having a broad base, directly attached to the skine
|
sessile
|
|
Penduculated means
|
having a stalk
|
|
A hardened cyst is called
|
indurated
|
|
An abrasion involving the epidermis is called
|
excoriated
|
|
Eccorinc hidrocytoma is a cystic tumor of a
|
sweat gland
|
|
A cystic tumor of a gland whose secretiosn are made up of component cells of the gland is know nas ___ hidrocytoma
|
aprocrine
|
|
T/F Syringomas are harmless sweat duct tumors
|
T. They are often found in clusters on eyelids but can be elsewhere on body.
|
|
A moveable, papable, smooth round mass that appears in the superior temporal aspect of the lid is known as a
|
dermoid
must be surgically removed |
|
T/F Papilloma are almost always lobulated in appearance
|
T
it is a growth consisting of epithelial cells covering fibrovascular tissue |
|
A slow growing papilloma transmited by a virus is known as
|
Verruca
|
|
Xanthelasma is a flat yellow lipid laden lesion occuring periobitally whos treament is
|
optical surgical removal and a serium lipid evaluation
|
|
T/F Hemangiomas never disappear
|
FALSE, tend to disappear in 4-7 yeras. Are benign tumor composed of new blood vessels
|
|
This is considered to be a precurosor to swuamous cell carinoma
|
Acitinic keratosis. A red, scaly lesion on the eyelids, brow, ears or neck
|
|
_________ Presents as a raised lesion with nodular pearly borders, an induarted base, a crusty eroded center, and telangiectasia around its edges
|
Basal cell carincoma
|
|
This type of carincoma tends to be missed in diagnoisis and can be life threatening as a result
|
Sebaceous gland carcinoma. Resembles meibomian gland inflammation
|
|
_________ is a large, ill-defined brown spot appearing on the lids and brow during pregnancy
|
Chloasma
|
|
Vitiligo is a whitening of the skin resulting from
|
the loss of melanin
May be idiopathic: Family history is 50%, may occur as a sequela of systemic lupus erythematosus; may occur in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (bilateral deafness, bilateral uveitis, alopecia, poliosis, vitiligo, and optic neuritis) 3. Rule out Thyroid, anemias, pituitary |
|
Nevus of Ota is a unilateral, blue-gray hyperpigmentation of the
|
periorbital tissue with increased pigmentation of all the contiguous ocular structures
|
|
the most common type of malignant melanoma to affect the eyelids
|
nodular malignant melanoma
|
|
A whitening of the lashes is known as
|
Poliosis
2. May be idiopathic; may be a sequela of chronic blepharitis or may be a part of the Vogt-Koyanage syndrome |
|
A yellow nodule of hyaline-elastic tissue is known as
|
Pinguecula
|
|
Conjunctival concretions (lithiasis)
|
1. Calcareous cysts characterized by yellowish particles in the cul-de-sac
2. May be removed; the patient feels irritated |
|
Telangiectasia
|
Dilation of conjunctival vessels
|
|
T/F the following represent benign tumors:
- Bowman’s dsease - Squamous cell carcinoma - Kaposi sarcoma |
FALSE
Malignant |
|
Discrete black deposits located in the cul-de-sacs is due to prolonged use of
|
epinephrine
|
|
A redundancy of lid skin and herniation of orbital fat through the orbital septum owing to aging or familial factors
|
Dermatochalasis
|
|
T/F Ectropion
is the rolling of the lid margin, usually the lower lid,> so that the lashes irritate the cornea |
FALSE
Entropion |
|
A semilunar fold of skin from the upper lid that crossed the inner canthus is known as this kind of fold
|
Epicanthal Folds
|
|
Blepharoptosis
is an abnormal drooping of the |
upper lid
70% are unilateral and congenital; if bilateral, the ptosis is usually hereditary Acquired ptosis may be myopathic, e.g., owing to some pathology of the levator muscle or Horner’s muscle; neuropathic, e.g., the result of a third nerve palsy or an interruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye; or mechanical, e.g., chalazion or dermatochalasis |
|
Trichiasis
|
1. An inward turning of the lashes
2. Treat by epilation or destroying the lash follicle |
|
The inability to make tears is known as
|
Alacrima
• Bilateral • All findings of DES, ulcer, etc. |
|
Canaliculas are at the lid margin
__ mm Vertical __mm Horizontal Upper and lower meet at __ degrees |
2
8 25 |
|
Lacrimal Sac in Bony Lacrimal Fossa
___ mm in Length |
15
|
|
Nasolacrimal Duct
is 12 mm long and terminates in |
Inferior Meatus
|
|
Acute Bacterial Dacryoadenitis
is most commonly due to |
Staphylococcus most common
|
|
Dacryoadenitis is the inflammation of
|
lacrimal glands
|
|
Simple Episcleritis
1. Hyperemia may be diffuse or localized sectorally between |
the limbus and the insertion of the recti muscles
2. Is recurrent and transient 3. Is generally self-limiting in approximately 3 weeks 4. Treat with FML, HMS, or Pred Mild; taper dosage over 3 weeks, e.g., QID x 5 days, TID x 5 days, BID x 5 days, QD x 5 days |
|
T/F Sclera has a high metabolic activity and is not very sensitive to pain
|
FALSE
Has a low metabolic activity but derives its nutrition from the underlying choroid and overlying episclera SENSITIVE to pain |
|
_______ can be distended until age 3; after age 3 only the lamina cribosa can be stretched
|
Sclera
|
|
The most important local cause of scleral inflmmation is
|
herpes zoster
|
|
Nodular scleritis is treated systemitically with
|
Indocin, 100 mg/day, in a tapering regimen
Treat with Pred Forte for symptomatic relief 1. Sclera tissue is heaped up in a non-moveable, painful nodule 2. Overlying episclera is tightly adherent 3. Is very tender to touch 4. Inflammation does not extend beyond nodule 5. Necrosis possible if persistent |
|
This may be brawny in which the entire anterior scleral segment starts to develop a slowly progressive gelatinous swelling
Often leads to scleral necrosis |
Diffuse scleraitis
|
|
The most severe form of scleritis is
|
Necrotizing scleritis with inflammation
2. Occurs with gradual onset of pain and redness that spreads 3. Avascular patches form in the deep episcleral vascular plexus owing to vascular occlusion and obliteration 4. The sclera becomes transparent, allowing the underlying choroid to show through 5. The anterior uvea becomes inflamed and the cornea starts to melt 6. Treatment should begin before tissue loss has occurred 7. Treat with large doses of systemic steroid and Indocin 8. 25% of patients are dead within 5 years from the underlying systemic disease |
|
Contusions are
|
A bruise, Ecchymosis, e.g., a collection of blood in local tissue as a result of blunt trauma; the skin is not ruptured
|
|
T/F No scarring occurs in 2nd degree burns
|
TRUE
scar occurs only in 3rd |
|
An extravasation of blood beneath the conjunctiva
|
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Usually found in an older patient after an episode of sneezing, coughing, or straining 3. May result in trauma 4. Is more prevalent in hypertensives |
|
A break in the conjunctiva following injury
|
Conjunctival Laceration
2. Rule out Globe laceration 3. Treat with antibiosis |
|
The cornea consists of five layers
|
Epithelium - surface ectoderm
Anterior Limiting Lamina - mesoderm Stroma - mesoderm Posterior Limiting Lamina - mesoderm Endothelium - mesenchymal cells |
|
T/F Cornea is more sensitive centrally than peripherally
|
T
|
|
The Cornea is Avascular and
Oxygen – primarily comes from _________ Glucose comes primarily from ____ |
tear fluid / air, and aqueous and limbal circulation
aqueous |
|
STUMPED Classification
|
S = Sclerocornea
T = Tears in Descemet’s membrane U = Ulcer M = Metabolic (very rare at birth) P = Posterior Corneal Defect E = Endothelial Dystrophy D = Dermoid |
|
S = Sclerocornea
|
Diffuse whitening or scleralization of the cornea
Can be partial or complete opacity Central cornea is flat Surgical prognosis is poor |
|
Always suspect this disease in infants with unilateral or bilateral corneal clouding
|
Congenital cataracts
|
|
________ anomaly:
Central opacity, defects in stroma, Descemet’s and endothelium Peripheral cornea is usually clear Synechiae from iris collarette to cornea Usually bilateral May be associated with systemic syndromes |
Peter’s
|
|
This disease is:
Autosomal recessive or dominant Primary dysfunction and degeneration of the endothelium Diffuse corneal edema Ground glass appearance to total opacity Avascular; NO inflammation Pachs : 2 to 3 times normal thickness Surgical treatment likely |
Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED)
|
|
What is a dermoid?
|
Solid, benign congenital tumors
Commonly at inferotemporal corneoscleral junction Can contain hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands |
|
Microphthalmos
|
Eye is small and malformed
|
|
Microcornea
|
Corneal diameter < 10mm in a normal sized eye
|
|
If entire eye is small =
|
nanophthalmos
|
|
Megalocornea
|
Corneal diameter 13mm or more
X-linked recessive; Corneas steep; myopia |
|
Cornea Plana
|
Cornea is flat (25 – 35 D), hyperopia
|
|
What are infiltrates?
|
Collection of inflammatory cells in the corneal stroma; Overlying INTACT epithelium
|
|
How do you treat sterile infiltrates
|
Topical steroids
PredForte 1% q2h; Taper over 2-3 weeks Check IOP Follow-up 2-3 days after first visit, then start tapering steroids Can use “soft” steroids such as Lotemax / Alrex If you are NOT SURE if its sterile Tobramycin plus steroids (Tobradex If Contact Lens wearer: STOP lens wear immediately Discard lenses, cases, solutions Consider changing lens type / solutions if necessary No lens wear until cornea is clear and eye is quiet |
|
How do you treat corneal steroids
|
ANTIBIOTICS !
Broad-spectrum gtts (e.g., Viagmox) Fortified antibiotics Hospitalization STEROID use indicated in sterile ulcers Antibiotic cover Immunosuppression in certain diseases |
|
Stromal Swelling Pressure is a force required to
|
compress the stroma and remove fluid. (More hydrated the stroma, the lower the swelling pressure & vice versa)
|
|
T/F corneal hydration does not require oxygen and energy for pumps
|
FALSE
Require oxygen and energy for these pumps |
|
T/F Chronic or acute high IOP can cause edema
|
T
|
|
Managing epithelial and stromal edema
|
Hypertonic agents
5 % sodium chloride drops Improves BK, microcysts Stings upon instillation Glycerin drops Bandage contact lenses Very comfortable High oxygen lenses only Regular follow-up Cover of antibiotic gtts |
|
How do you treat corneal edema?
|
Anterior stromal cautery
Conjunctival flap Amniotic membrane Phototherapeutic keratectomy (excimer) Penetrating keratoplasty Deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty |
|
When you see corneal deposits you must consider its
|
color and depth!!
Depth Superficial = Epithelium, Bowman’s, Antr Stroma Stromal = Bulk of stroma Deep Stromal = Postr Stroma, Descemet’s, and endothelium Color Pigmented Non-pigmented Refractile / crystalline |
|
Pigmented corneal depoists
Pigmented Cornea Verticillata (whorl like) is seen due to |
Fabry’s disease, amiodarone, choloroquine, naproxen, etc
|
|
Pigmented corneal depoists
Pigmented Epithelial iron lines are due |
Keratoconus (Fleischer), Hudson-Stahli
|
|
Pigmented corneal depoists
Pigmented Adrenochrome deposits lines are due to |
Epinephrine eye drops for glaucoma, appear Brown-black
|
|
Non-Pigmented Corneal Deposits are due to
|
Band keratopathy
Hypercalcemia; Chronic ocular inflammation (kids) Calcium in epth basement memb, Bowman’s and antr stroma Chalky white deposits in interpalpebral zone |
|
This type of antibiotic can cause chalky white deposits
|
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin eye drops)
|
|
Meesman’s dystrophy causes
|
Refractile superficial corneal deposits
Autosomal dominant Bilateral intraepithelial cysts throughout cornea Gray on direct illumination Transparent on retro illumination All epithelial Clear cornea between cysts |
|
Pigmented Stromal deposits are due to
|
Corneal blood staining
Hyphema and elevated IOP Siderosis |
|
Siderosis
|
Iron deposition within intraocular structures
Metallic foreign body Iris, lens, ciliary body, RPE can all be involved Iris heterochromia Posterior corneal stroma involved |
|
Arcus Senilis is lipid deposits found in the
|
stroma
|
|
Yellow brown or green ring at the level of Descemet’s membrane in the peripheral cornea
|
Copper deposition in Wilson’s disease
Autosomal recessive disease deep stromal deposits |
|
Cornea Farinata
|
Looks like “flour” in the cornea
Bilateral Its a nonpigmented stromal deposit |
|
These are
Inherited, bilateral, non-inflammatory, primary alteration or opacity of the cornea that occurs at birth and is not associated with prior systemic disease |
corneal Dystrophies
|
|
What is the only exclusively epithelial dystrophy?
|
Meesmann’s Juvenile Epithelial Dystrophy
Autosomal dominant Mutation in corneal keratin First few years of life Intraepithelial microcysts or vesicles Microcysts contain degenerate epithelial cell products Vision is unaffected or mildly affected Can manage with rewetting agents Not associated with recurrent corneal erosions |
|
What is the most common anterior corneal dystrophy
|
Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy
Epithelial microcysts, map-like lines around microcysts, fingerprint lines in the epithelium Primary symptoms from recurrent corneal erosions, blurred vision, pain on awakening Primary symptoms from recurrent corneal erosions (RCE), blurred vision, pain on awakening Patients who get RCE without history of trauma should be investigated for EBMD |
|
What is the most common Endothelial dystrophy?
|
Fuch's Dystrophy
Women are affected three times more commonly than men Presents usually in the sixth decade of life, yet clinical changes occur much earlier Inheritance pattern not defined (occasionally found autosomal dominant) Bilateral & asymmetric Three clinical stages seen with Fuchs’ Corneal Guttata (guttae) Stromal & Epithelial Edema Corneal Scarring (Subepithelial scarring forms as the corneal edema progresses & becomes chronic Subepithelial fibrosis often is accompanied with vascularization |
|
Three clinical stages seen with Fuchs’
|
Corneal Guttata (guttae)
Stromal & Epithelial Edema Corneal Scarring- (Subepithelial scarring forms as the corneal edema progresses & becomes chronic Subepithelial fibrosis often is accompanied with vascularization) |
|
Corneal Guttata are
|
excrescences of Descemet’s membrane produced by abnormal endothelial cells (abnormal collagenous tissue)
Appearance of discrete refractile spots Guttae can occur without manifest Fuchs’ |
|
Treatment of Fuch's
|
Hypertonic saline drops during the day & hypertonic ointment at night
Dehydration using a blow-dryer Bandage soft contact lens (high water) - to relieve the pain associated with ruptured epithelial bullae Penetrating Keratoplasty indicated in advanced stages High chance of successful surgery (PK) |
|
Slit lamp findings of Keratoconus
|
Full Fleischer’s ring encircling cone at Bowman’s, thinning of cornea, corneal ruptures with scarring
|
|
Vogt’s striae
|
Stretch” lines at Descemet’s membrane
Parallel; may run in different planes Reduce Visual acuity Diagnostic for KC |
|
Fleischer’s ring
|
Hemosiderin iron ring at level of Bowman’s
Delineates base of cone Diagnostic for KC |
|
Iridiocorneal Endothelial Syndromes include
|
Essential Iris Atrophy
Iris nevus syndrome Chandler’s syndrome Corneal edema (normal or slightly high IOP) Minimal iris atrophy No heterochromia Glaucoma |
|
Definition of degeneration:
|
Changes in tissues that cause deterioration & can impair function
Also can be related to specific disease processes No genetic predisposition |
|
Salzmann’s nodular degeneration
|
Chronic inflammation
Phlyctenular keratitis, VKC, Trachoma Females > males Nodules do not contain inflammatory cells |
|
Dellens are
|
Saucer-like depressions in the corneal surface
|
|
Bacterial keratitis – Most common pathogens
|
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus S. pyogenes S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) |
|
How to treat bacterial corneal ulcer
|
Oral antibiotics
Subconjunctival antibiotic injections Change antibiotics if culture shows resistant organism But don’t change if getting better! Use Cycloplegics!! Atropine bid or Cyclopentolate tid Topical steroids….CAUTION!!! Best avoided Must exclude viral / fungal / protozoan Can reduce inflammation, increase comfort Can preserve corneal graft |
|
________ infection can elicit a severe inflammatory response that can cause stromal necrosis and melting
|
Fungal
|
|
Fungal Keratitis treatment
|
A broad spectrum antibiotic must be used
Subconjunctival fluconazole may be used in severe cases with hypopyon Systemic anti-fungals may be required for severe keratitis or endophthalmitis Surgical options |
|
What is the major cause of unilateral corneal scarring worldwide and the most common infectious cause of corneal blindness in developed countries
|
Herpetic eye disease
|
|
With Severe Herpes Simplex Keratitis inappropriate topical steroid use predisposes the patient to risk of
|
geographic ulceration
|
|
Categories of Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis
|
Infectious epithelial keratitis
Neurotrophic keratopathy Stromal keratitis Endothelilitis |
|
Most common clinical manifestations of infectious epithelial keratitis are the _____________ ulcers
|
dendritic and geographic
|
|
A true ulcer extends through the ________ and will stain positively with fluorescein
|
basement membrane
|
|
A dendritic ulcer signs
|
HSV Epithelial keratitis
Ulcerated; extends to basement membrane Stains positive with fluorescein |
|
A psuedo-dendritic ulcer signs
|
Recently healed epth defects, Zoster lesions, Toxic drug reactions
They are raised; not ulcerated Do NOT stain with fluorescein |
|
T/F A Herpes Simplex Virus keratitis symptom includes corneal sensation reduction
|
T
|
|
With Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
this phase precedes the appearance of the rash |
Prodromal
|
|
The healing process repair system should promote regeneration rather than _____- in order to restore normal corneal function
|
scarring/fibrosis
|
|
The corneal ________- is rich with cytokines
|
epithelium
|
|
_______ and ______ cause upregualtion and expression of cell adhesion moclules in vascular endothelial cells
|
TNF a
and interferon |
|
The inflammatory mediate to be present within the first few hours is
|
neutrophils
|
|
The source of neutrophils are
|
limbal blood vessels
tear film conjunctiva |
|
T/F neutrophils usually disappear within 24-48 hours after inflammatory stimulus
|
T
|
|
_______ causes conjunctival and limbal mast cells to release inflammatory mdiates, enhace chemotaxis and phagocytosis, enhace expression of endothelial cell adhesion molculees as well.
|
Substance P
|
|
Antigen presenting cells progessin antigens and migrate via_____ to the spleen
|
limbal lood vseels.
They activate T cells in spleen to form specific CD4 T helper cells, which tave back to the cornea and rlease cytokines. |
|
Th2 cells produces _____- and allergic reactions.
Th1 cells produce _____ |
IgE
IL-2 |
|
In the cornea, the epithelium heals by _______ and the stroma heals by __________
|
regeneration
fibrosis |
|
T/F Cytokines are synthesized and released by cells at the site of inflammation while neutrophils must be transported in
|
T
|
|
_____ are the principal source of Interluekin L-1
|
macrophages
are also produced by corneal keratinocytes |
|
Production and release of IL-1by corneal cells may play a central role in mediating collagenase expression that is important in corneal_- and ______--
|
thinning and perforation
|
|
What is Sustance P
|
a neurotransmitter than functiosn as a mediator of neuorgenic inflammation and a neutrophic factor
|
|
The most important growth factors in maintaing cell homeostasis and modulating the healing response in the cornea:
|
Epidermal growth factor
Hepatocyte growth factor and Keratinocyte growth factor. HGF and KGF regulate corneal epithelia clel proliferation, motility and differentiation. |
|
These regulate corneal epithelial cell proliferation, motility and differentiation.
|
Hepatocyte growth factor and
Keratinocyte growth factor. HGF and KGF |
|
What allows mediatiors to come into contact with uninjured epithelia lcells and stromal keratocytes?
|
epithelial damage of tight junctison and barriers
|
|
The primary function of collage type 1 in the cornea
|
provide strucutral support
|
|
Type IV collagen, laminin and fibronectin are found in
|
epithelial basement membrane of cornea.
When damaged, fibronectin is snythesized and posits, serving as a temporary matrix for epithelial cell adhesion and migration |
|
What degrades components of the xtracellular matrix of the corneal epithelium?
|
Matrix metalloprteinases
collagenases, stromelysins, and gelatinases |
|
Matrix metalloprteinases are synthesized in the cell and secreted to
|
extraceullar space.
|
|
T/f Matrix metalloprteinases are produced continuously
|
FALSE only when needed.
Expression and be induced or supporsed |
|
The primary goal of corneal healing treatment is
|
to repaire corneal epithelial damage as rapidly as possible to prevent development of microbial or nonmicrobial ulceration.
|
|
Myofibroblasts are resonible for________- and contribute to _____ associated with photorefractive keratotmoy
|
would contraction in incisinoal procedures.
haze |
|
What causes anchoring fibrils to melt in Recurrent corneal erosion? CE? What drug
is known to decrease its activity? |
MMP-9, a gelatinase
Doxacylcine and and steriods |
|
_______neovascularization overlies Descement's membrane and occurs with iterstitial keratitis
|
Deep
|
|
The most common cause of interstitial keratitis is
|
Herpes simplex
syphilis is second |
|
Angiostatin is used to suppress
|
tumor growth
|
|
This inhibits cell migration and proliferation and enhancesvasicular endothelial cell apoptosis
|
Endostatin
|
|
Treatment of choice for keratoconus
|
RGP, except in the earliest cases
|
|
T/F Corneal transplant/penetrating keratoplasty is often used as the treatment of choice for keratocnus
|
FALSE
surgery is the last resort!!! |
|
The First Definite Apical Clearance lens was the first
|
BC that doesn't produce bearing
|
|
The hallmark sign of infectious keratitis is
|
INFILTRATES, diffuse or accumulation of inflammatory material.
|
|
An ulcer isn't an ulcer unless there is an _______ defect
|
epithelial defect.
|
|
Patient presens with a red eye, decrased acuity, pain, photophobia, swelling lids stuck together in the AM and discharge. They probably have
|
infiltrative keratitis.
DISCHARGE is key in diagnosising |
|
The only FDA approved drug for treating mild to moderate corneal ulcers is
|
CILOXAN --> 2 ggts every 15 minutes for first 6 hours and then 2 gtts every 30 minutes for next 12 hours, followed by 2 gtts QID for 14 days.
|
|
Corneal ulcer treatment
|
cefazolin, troramycin, cilozan
cycloplege, bandage CL Steroids --> controversial NSAIDS possible debrdiement |
|
Reduced corneal sensivitiys is an important aspect of
|
recurrent ocular HSV
|
|
T/F Herpes Simplex Virus usually presents bilaterally
|
FALSE
usually unilateral. |
|
When would you treat Herpes Simplex Virus keratitis WITH a steriod?
|
When its a stromal lesion!!
|
|
Phototherpeutic Keratectomy
|
removes and smooths over irregular surface and releives patieton of erosion on apermeanent basis. No scarring.
|
|
The worst cause of chemical burns
|
alkali agents
|
|
A ___ fcyst is moveable, palpable, smooth, round mass that frequenty appearrs on the suerior temportal or nasal aspect of the lid
|
dermoid.
Treat by surgical removal. |
|
A generic name for solid growths
|
papilloma.
May present as a single finger like projection or a cluster. |
|
An aging spot is known as a
|
Chlosoma, a large ill defined brown spot
|
|
A whitening of the skins resulting from the loss of melanin is known as _________ and may occur as aprt of lupus or Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (bilateral deafness, uveitis, alopecia, optic neuritis)
|
Vitiligo
|
|
Dilation of conjunctival vessels
|
Telangiesctasia
|
|
Parakeratosis is the retention of ________- in the keratinizing layer --> incomplete keratinazation.
|
Nuclei
Happens when cells reach the top layer in quicker fashion than normal and do not have time to lose their nuclei, sign that skin is irritated |
|
Hyerkeratosis definition
|
excessive thickness of keratin layer.
|
|
An increase in squamous layer thickness is knwo nas
|
Acanthosis
|
|
Dyskeratosis is the keratizination in the _______ layer
|
aquamous layer... skin loses polarity.
|
|
T/F The skin of the eyelid is thicker than the skin of the rest of the body
|
FALSE
thinner Eyelids continue to get even thinnerwith age. |
|
Cure rate of an excisional biopsy
|
95%
|
|
This technique involve sectioning up the whole lesion into indvidual squares, cutting them out and lael each section
|
Moh's technique/ Moh's micrograhpic surgery.
99.5% cure rate, bt it is expensive and time consuming |
|
The most popular method of lesion excision
|
modified frozen section control. 99.5% cure rate
|
|
T/F Benign lesions grow quicker than malignant lesions
|
T
|
|
Most common carincoma
And its appearance |
Basal cell.
occurs mainly on neck and head. Also found on lower eelid and inner canthus Appears siny, pearly nodule. See telangietatic vessels. |
|
The key histological cell type of basal cell carincoma
|
Peripheral palisading cells --> surround the outside of the tumor, are twice as large as basal cells.
Also see: basaloid cells, pleomprhism and atypia |
|
The least common carincoma
|
sebaceous cell carincoma
|
|
If patient presents with blepharoconjunctivitis lasting more than 4 months you must send patient for a biopsy because it might be
|
sebaceous cell carincoma.
See loss of lashes --> implies malignant |
|
Another term for a solar, senile keratosis
|
Actinic keratosis.
See round, flat, scaly lesion with erythematous base. Benign |
|
3 Types of nevi
|
Junctional
Intradermal Comound |
|
Anything pigmented and lesioned should be
|
removed!
If growss depper than 1mm into the dermis, it can be FATAL |
|
Molluscum contagiosum is a _______ infection of epidermis
|
viral.
Treat or will spread. See a waxy nodule, central umbilication |
|
Most common childood vascular tumor
|
Capillary hemangioma. Prolfieration of ENODTHELIAL cells, see irregular surface,purple0red, elevated cherry hemangioma. May appear as blue nevous or strawbery nevous
|
|
This hemangioma appears blue in color and is associated with Sture0Weber syndrome
|
Cavernous hemangioma.
|
|
T/F Tropicamide gets rid of more residual accomodation than cyclopenolate
|
FALSE
cyclopentolate lasts long but gets rid of residual accomodation better |
|
T/F Monofision causes difficult binocular fusion and poor stereopsis
|
FALSE
reality that binocular vision is preserved and stero is preserved but there is some loss in CONTRAST sensitiity |
|
Monvision typically fails due to
|
BLUR
|
|
One of the most important tets to decide if a patient is a good candidate for corneal refractive surgery is
|
pachymetry
|
|
______ microcmeters need to be ablated to correct one diopter refractive error
|
12
|
|
____________ microns is the base minimtum that should remain in the corneal bed. The flap has approximate ______ microns
|
250-300
120-160 |
|
Prospective evaluation of radial keratometry after 1 year, 25-35% of RK patients and 10-23% of PRK patients needed an
|
optical aid
|
|
This doctor invented radial keratotomy
|
Dr. Sato in Japan 1920s
Radial incisions made in anterior and posterior cornea to create a flattenin effect |
|
Photorefractive Keratoctomy
|
precise no heat generated cold laser. Works well by avlation. Used widely in Europe
|
|
When is PRK better than LASIK?
|
when you have narrow palpebral apertures
deep set globes flat corneas epthelial basement membrane dystrophy thinner corneas |
|
What percentage of Lasik pateitns are 20/40 or better?
|
93%
|
|
IOP reading may __________ after laser vision correctio ndue to new thinness of cornea
|
decrease 2-3 mm g
|
|
_________ is a lid notc that usually occurs on the superior medial aspect of the lid. You treat this with lubrication bandage les if there is a corneal prolem
|
Coloboma
|
|
A semilunar fold of skin from the upper lid that covers the inner canthus
|
epicanthal folds
|
|
the leading of the bilateral ptosis
|
Myasthenia gravis
|
|
Additional row lashes
|
Distichiasis
|
|
Infantile dacryocystitis is ________ and is treated with __________which performed by
|
infantile duct obstruction, see chronic epiphoria and mucopurlent discharge.
You do not want to do surgery until 1 year of age for safety reasons and the fact that theblockage usualyl clears within the first year. Treat with hydrostatitic massages , block puncta and massage ith gentle rapid downward motion 6-8 times, 3 times a day with a warm compress. |
|
_______- is an infection of the lacrimal SAC and almost always bacterial
|
Dacryocystitis
|
|
T/F Dacryoadenitis is an infection of the lacrimal sac and is mostly bacterial
|
FALSE!!!
it is an infection of lacrimal GLANDS and is mostly viral!! |
|
T/F For Acute Bacterial Dacryoadenitis you treat with SYSTEMIC antibiotics rather than tpoical
|
T
|
|
______ acts as a SYNOVIAL membrane for smooth eye movements
|
Episclera
synovial membrane=lubricating body. |
|
T/F The episclera is a vascular layer
|
T, provides nutrition for underlying sclera.
|
|
Episceraltisis is almost always
|
UNILATERAL and SECTORIAL and is OFTEN recurrent
|
|
T/F VA's are not effected wit episceratisis
|
T
|
|
Simple/Diffuse episcleritis is treated with
|
Alrex or Pred Mild and supportive therapy with artificial tears
|
|
Inflammation of the sclera may involve the deep epsicerlal vascualr plexus producing a _____________________ with necrosis. Due to loss of circulation- results in loss of structure and function
|
bendy aneurysm
|
|
T/F When you have scleratitis you will also have flare and cells (uveitis) and may have iritis
|
T
|
|
The most important LOCAL cause of scleraitis
|
Herpes Zoster
|
|
The most common systemic cause of scleritis is
|
Rheumatoid arthritis.
|
|
T/F Give patient topical steriods if necrotizing scleritis with inflammation is present
|
FALSE
give systemic steriods, Indocin |
|
A thickening of the sclera which causes folds in the retina and around the optic nerve head/retinal wrinkling is known as
|
posterior scleritis
|
|
Reflex tearing is due to which cranial nerve
|
opthalmic division of CN V
|
|
Most common cause of dry eye
|
aqueous deficiency! (can be due to rematoid arthritis, lupus, sjogrens, menopause, etc)
|
|
A hyperplasia of conjunctival tissue leads to
|
pteryguim
|
|
Hallmark sign of atopic (allergic) keratoconjunctivitis
and treatment |
Superficial punctate staining
Also is a BILATERAL condition Treat with cold compress and steriods, lubricant. IF chronic, use mast cell stabilizers like Alomide and systemic antihistamines |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
T/F Superior Limbic KEratoconjunctivitis patients will experience photpohbia, foreign body sensation, itching and discharge
|
FALSE
no itching or discharge!! Will see inflammation of superior tarsal conjunctivitis with papillary hypertropy |
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
Treatment of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
|
lubrication, discontinue CL, mast cell stabilizer. topical steriods, possible debridgement
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
Normal tear osmolarity
|
311 msOsm/L
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
This noncaseating granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly effects lungs but may be chronic infllamtion of meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands due to its enlargemnt of lacrima and salivatory glands
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
T/F Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus is a unilateral, vesicular lesion distributed along CN V
|
TRUE
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
Treatment for Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus
|
Acyclovir
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
The decreased amount of _______ destabilizes the tear film, which is reflected by shorter tear break-up times (TBUT) in dry eye patients
|
mucins
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
osmolality ____________ (greater OR lesser) than 312 mOsm/Kg is considered diagnostic of dry eye
|
GREATER
|
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
Aqueous Deficiency Sign: low ___ Test(tear volume/flow) score
|
Schirmer
|
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Mucin Deficiency Sign: rapid ___________time
|
tear film break-up
|
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
|
decreases
90 |
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
|
decreases
90 |
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
|
decreases
90 Flashcard Exchange Skip Navigation Main Menu: * » Home * » Free Account * » Full Membership * » Directory * » Getting Started * » About us * » Help Members: * » Log In * » My Profile * » Make Flashcards * » My Flashcards * » Card Files * » Clipboard * » Favorite Flashcards * » Log Out anterior seg Home - Add Flashcards - List Flashcards - Import - Properties - Study - Print - Export Add Flashcards flashcard(s) saved: 8 Step 1: Use Images? Will your new flashcards contain images? Step 2: How Many How many Flashcards would you like to create at a time? Number of cards: 1 5 10 15 Step 3: Use Hint? Would you like to add a hint for each flashcard? Yes No Step 4: Enter Flashcards Number Question Answer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Character Map Image Flashcards You must be a full member to create flashcards with images. Full membership requires a small one-time fee. Learn more Copyright © 2001-2008 Tuolumne Technology Group, Inc. Terms of Service — Privacy Policy |
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
|
decreases
90 Flashcard Exchange Skip Navigation Main Menu: * » Home * » Free Account * » Full Membership * » Directory * » Getting Started * » About us * » Help Members: * » Log In * » My Profile * » Make Flashcards * » My Flashcards * » Card Files * » Clipboard * » Favorite Flashcards * » Log Out anterior seg Home - Add Flashcards - List Flashcards - Import - Properties - Study - Print - Export Add Flashcards flashcard(s) saved: 8 Step 1: Use Images? Will your new flashcards contain images? Step 2: How Many How many Flashcards would you like to create at a time? Number of cards: 1 5 10 15 Step 3: Use Hint? Would you like to add a hint for each flashcard? Yes No Step 4: Enter Flashcards Number Question Answer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Character Map Image Flashcards You must be a full member to create flashcards with images. Full membership requires a small one-time fee. Learn more Copyright © 2001-2008 Tuolumne Technology Group, Inc. Terms of Service — Privacy Policy |
|
_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
|
CHOLINERGICS
|
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
|
decreases
90 Flashcard Exchange Skip Navigation Main Menu: * » Home * » Free Account * » Full Membership * » Directory * » Getting Started * » About us * » Help Members: * » Log In * » My Profile * » Make Flashcards * » My Flashcards * » Card Files * » Clipboard * » Favorite Flashcards * » Log Out anterior seg Home - Add Flashcards - List Flashcards - Import - Properties - Study - Print - Export Add Flashcards flashcard(s) saved: 8 Step 1: Use Images? Will your new flashcards contain images? Step 2: How Many How many Flashcards would you like to create at a time? Number of cards: 1 5 10 15 Step 3: Use Hint? Would you like to add a hint for each flashcard? Yes No Step 4: Enter Flashcards Number Question Answer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Character Map Image Flashcards You must be a full member to create flashcards with images. Full membership requires a small one-time fee. Learn more Copyright © 2001-2008 Tuolumne Technology Group, Inc. Terms of Service — Privacy Policy |
|
Lipid Deficiency
Signs: |
irregular meibomian gland expression, fast TFBUT
|
|
_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
|
CHOLINERGICS
|
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
|
decreases
90 Flashcard Exchange Skip Navigation Main Menu: * » Home * » Free Account * » Full Membership * » Directory * » Getting Started * » About us * » Help Members: * » Log In * » My Profile * » Make Flashcards * » My Flashcards * » Card Files * » Clipboard * » Favorite Flashcards * » Log Out anterior seg Home - Add Flashcards - List Flashcards - Import - Properties - Study - Print - Export Add Flashcards flashcard(s) saved: 8 Step 1: Use Images? Will your new flashcards contain images? Step 2: How Many How many Flashcards would you like to create at a time? Number of cards: 1 5 10 15 Step 3: Use Hint? Would you like to add a hint for each flashcard? Yes No Step 4: Enter Flashcards Number Question Answer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Character Map Image Flashcards You must be a full member to create flashcards with images. Full membership requires a small one-time fee. Learn more Copyright © 2001-2008 Tuolumne Technology Group, Inc. Terms of Service — Privacy Policy |
|
_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
|
CHOLINERGICS
|
|
A mucin secretogogues
|
INS365 – Still in clinical trials
|
|
_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
|
CHOLINERGICS
|
|
_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
|
CHOLINERGICS
|
|
A mucin secretogogues
|
INS365 – Still in clinical trials
|
|
Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia normal result is usually at least _____mm in 5 minutes
WITH anesthesia normal result is usually _____ mm |
15
10 mm |
|
_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
|
CHOLINERGICS
|
|
A mucin secretogogues
|
INS365 – Still in clinical trials
|
|
Lactoferrin Concentration _______-in a dry eye Diagnostic test for KCS < ____mg/dl - LG deficiency
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decreases
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A mucin secretogogues
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INS365 – Still in clinical trials
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A mucin secretogogues
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INS365 – Still in clinical trials
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A mucin secretogogues
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INS365 – Still in clinical trials
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_________ stimulate the lacrimal gland _________e.g., pilocarpine, eledoisin
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CHOLINERGICS
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A mucin secretogogues
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INS365 – Still in clinical trials
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