Ant317 Micro Female Reproductive System

Front 1

What are two functions of the ovary?

Back 1

oogenesis makin gametes. And also making hormones

Front 2

what are two steroidal hormones secreted by the ovaries?

Back 2

Estrogens - promotes growth of internal and external female reproductive organs. AND Progestogen - prepares internal sex organs for pregnancy by promoting secretory changes in the endometrium.

Front 3

What is the ovary attached to the posterior surface of?

Back 3

broad ligament

Front 4

what is the peritoneal fold called that attaches the ovary to the broad ligament?

Back 4

mesovarium

Front 5

the superior pole of the ovary is attached to the pelvic wall by what ligament?

Back 5

suspensory ligament of the ovary

Front 6

the inferior pole of the ovary is attached to the utereus by what ligament?

Back 6

ovarian ligament

Front 7

the ovarian ligament is a remnant of what structure?

Back 7

gubernaculum, an embryonic fibrous cord that attaches the developing gonad to the floor of the pelvis.

Front 8

what type of epithelium is the germinal epithelium?

Back 8

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 9

the germinal epithelium that covers the ovaries is continuous with what?

Back 9

mesothelium

Front 10

what part of the ovary contains follicles?

Back 10

the outer portion, the cortex

Front 11

what part of the ovary Contains loose CT, large, contorted blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves?

Back 11

inner region, medulla

Front 12

how many follicles are females born with?

Back 12

600,000 to 800,000

Front 13

at birth, oocytes remain arrested in what stage?

Back 13

prophase I, first meitotic division

Front 14

what provides the nourishment for a developing oocyte?

Back 14

ovarian follicles

Front 15

the first ovulation occurs about ___ ____ after menarche

Back 15

1 year

Front 16

when do primordial follicles first start to appear?

Back 16

First appear in developing ovary during 3rd fetal month

Front 17

True/False - A primordial follicle is dependent on gonadotrophic stimulation

Back 17

FALSE - early growth at least is independent of this hormone

Front 18

Growing follicles have what two subtypes?

Back 18

primary and secondary

Front 19

primordial follicles are Surrounded by a single layer of what type of cells?

Back 19

squamous cells.

Front 20

when does the early primary follicle develop?

Back 20

during follicular phase.

Front 21

theca interna cells are analgous to the male ____ cells.

Back 21

leydig cells

Front 22

granulosa cells are analgous to the male _____ cells.

Back 22

sertoli cells

Front 23

LH surge is on day ____.

Back 23

13

Front 24

what is the major hormone influencing primary follicular development?

Back 24

FSH

Front 25

What type of cells are early primary follicles Initially surrounded by a single layer of?

Back 25

cuboidal cells.

Front 26

when does the zona pellucida first appear?

Back 26

in the primary follicle

Front 27

what secretes the zona pellucida?

Back 27

oocyte

Front 28

what is the zona pellucida rich in?

Back 28

glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans.

Front 29

the stratum granulosum that covers the late primary follicle is made up of what type of epithelium?

Back 29

stratified

Front 30

follicular cells surrounding oocyte, (NOT stromal cells), change over to granulosa cells between what two stages?

Back 30

early and late primary follicle

Front 31

as the grnulosa cells proliferate, stromal cells immediately surrounding the follicle form a sheath of connective tissue know as the _____ ____

Back 31

theca folliculi

Front 32

the theca interna secretes what?

Back 32

steroids, specifically androgens in response to LH

Front 33

what layer surrounding the late primary follicle contains smooth muscle and collagen?

Back 33

theca externa

Front 34

What are four key factors in follicle maturation?

Back 34

1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from pituitary gland. 2. Epidermal growth factor (EGF). 3. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) 4. Calcium Ions!

Front 35

maturation of the oocyte occurs in the ____ follicle.

Back 35

primary

Front 36

at what stage in follicular development does an antrum appear?

Back 36

this fluid filled space appears in the secondary follicle.

Front 37

The secondary follicle stage occurs When the number of granulosa cell layers reaches between ___ and ___ layers, with fluid beginning to accumulate between the follicular cells.

Back 37

6 and 12

Front 38

Hyaluronic-acid rich fluid called "liquor folliculi" fills spaces between follicular cells, eventually forming a crescent-shaped space called an ___.

Back 38

antrum

Front 39

in the Mature (Graafian) Follicle, the Oocyte sits on a “mound” of granulosa cells called the ____ _____.

Back 39

cumulus oophorus.

Front 40

in the Mature (Graafian) Follicle, Cells immediately surrounding the oocyte are called the_____ _____.

Back 40

corona radiata

Front 41

The Mature (Graafian) Follicle is what length in diameter?

Back 41

10 mm

Front 42

in the The Mature (Graafian) Follicle, Granulosa cells, under the influence of ____, convert androgens to estrogen.

Back 42

FSH

Front 43

There is a surge in what hormone approximately 24 hours before ovulation?

Back 43

FSH or LH - either way LH

Front 44

The LH surge Reduces LH receptor expression by ____ cells.

Back 44

granulosa

Front 45

The LH surge Causes oocyte to resume first meiotic division within ___ to ___ hours of surge, approximately at time of ovulation.

Back 45

12 to 24

Front 46

Ovulation is the release of a secondary oocyte on the ___day of the 28 day cycle following an LH surge.

Back 46

14th day

Front 47

one factor leading to ovulation is an _____ in volume and pressure of follicular fluid

Back 47

Increase

Front 48

one factor leading to ovulation is Hormone-dependent deposition of glycosaminoglycans between what two layers?

Back 48

oocyte-cumulus oophorus complex and stratum granulosum.

Front 49

one factor leading to ovulation is Prostaglandin-triggered contraction of smooth muscle in what layer?

Back 49

theca externa

Front 50

Just before ovulation, the region over the bulging follicle becomes ischemic. What is this region called?

Back 50

This area is called a macula pellucida or stigma.

Front 51

Just before ovulation, what happens to the oocyte?

Back 51

Oocyte and surrounding corona radiata forcefully expelled from ruptured follicle.

Front 52

Once the Oocyte is swept up by fimbria into uterine tube, it remains viable for up to how long?

Back 52

24 hours.

Front 53

The second meitotic division of the secondary oocyte is frozen in metaphase II, and will not continue unless what?

Back 53

penetration by spermatozoan

Front 54

what is the first polar body?

Back 54

after the first meitotic division, creating the 24 hour secondary oocyte, the split creates a lesser and smaller cell which will eventually degrade. This is the first polar body.

Front 55

when is the second polar body created?

Back 55

when the secondary oocyte is fertilized and the ovum is created after completion of the 2nd meitotic division.

Front 56

What is an ectopic pregnancy, and where do they occur?

Back 56

pregnancy outside of uterine cavity; could be in uterine tube or, if fimbria do not pick them up, may form in peritoneal cavity

Front 57

If a potentially ectopic ovum is fertilized, it may implant anywhere within peritoneal cavity, but this is often where in the peritoneal cavity?

Back 57

in the rectouterine pouch of Douglas.

Front 58

What is the corpus luteum?

Back 58

After ovulation, remaining follicle wall, including the theca interna, undergoes transformation into a corpus luteum.

Front 59

What is the corpus hemmorhagium?

Back 59

after ovulation, the corpus luteum develops, and Initially bleeding into the follicular cavity forms a clot, corpus hemmorhagicum.

Front 60

What in the formation of the corpus luteum, invades the follicular lumen?

Back 60

CT from stroma invades follicular lumen.

Front 61

Where do theca lutein cells come from?

Back 61

Theca lutein cells are derived from theca interna.

Front 62

What do theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells secrete?

Back 62

Secretes progesterone and estrogen that prepare the endometrium for implantation.

Front 63

What happens to the corpus luteum with no fertilization after 14 days, and why?

Back 63

Degenerates and forms a corpus albicans, a white, scar-like structure. This is because Without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), secretion of progesterone and estrogen decline.

Front 64

Fertilization takes place inside what structure?

Back 64

ampulla of uterine tube

Front 65

the activation process of spermatazoa, acquiring the ability to fertilize the oocyte, is known as what?

Back 65

capacitation

Front 66

what is a good way to tell if capacitation if successful?

Back 66

hyperactivation, whip-lash like tail whipping. Officially complete when spermatozoa can bind to the zona pellucida receptors

Front 67

what triggers the acrosome reaction and what is released?

Back 67

Binding to the zona pellucida by spermatazoa triggers the acrosomal reaction, which allows the spermatozoon to digest its way through the zona using ENZYMES mainly HYALURONIDASES

Front 68

the release of what from sperm head during capacitation allow it to bind to zona pellucida?

Back 68

glycosides

Front 69

What layer of the oocyte is penetrated by multiple sperm (but does not mean fertilization)?

Back 69

zona pellucida

Front 70

What are three mechanisms that block multiple sperm fertilization?

Back 70

1. Fast Block - up to 1 min electrical block. 2. Cortical Reaction - relese of Ca+ and consequent cortical granule release. 3. Zona Reaction - a Permanent block of proteases that degrade enzymes and form PERIVITELLINE BARRIER by cross-linking proteins

Front 71

What mainly maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy?

Back 71

hCG, secreted by the chorionic trophoblasts, maintains the corpus luteum.

Front 72

what lesser factors maintain the corpus luteum of pregagncy besides hCG?

Back 72

paracrines from the ovary including Estrogens and IGF I and II,as well as Endocrine glands sending LH and prolactin from the pituitary AND insulin from the pancreas.

Front 73

most ovarian follicles are lost by _____ mediated by apoptosis of granulosa cells.

Back 73

atresia

Front 74

What gene product inhibits apoptosis and atreisa of a follicle, and what is it depenedent on?

Back 74

gonadotropin-induced neural apoptosis inhibitory protein, (NAIP)

Front 75

what does the interstitial gland of the atretic follicle arise from?

Back 75

theca interna

Front 76

What do ovarian hilar cells secrete and contain?

Back 76

they contain reinke crystalloids, and they secrete androgens - excessive amount of this leads to masculinization

Front 77

Some ______ _____ remain after their oocytes have degenerated.

Back 77

zona pellucidae (ZP)

Front 78

the "glassy membrane" is characteristic of follicles in what stage of atresia?

Back 78

late

Front 79

What are Commonly referred to as Fallopian tubes.

Back 79

Uterine Tube, Oviduct

Front 80

What re the 4 segments of the uterine tube / Oviduct?

Back 80

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine (intramural)

Front 81

What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube / Oviduct?

Back 81

Serosa, Muscularis, Mucosa

Front 82

What makes up the Serosa of the Oviduct?

Back 82

Serosa – an outer layer of mesothelium with an underlying connective tissue

Front 83

What makes up the Muscularis of the Oviduct?

Back 83

Muscularis – inner, thick circular layer, outer thinner longitudinal layer

Front 84

What makes up the Mucosa of the Oviduct?

Back 84

thin longitudinal folds of simple columnar epithelium with two cell types - 1. ciliated, beating to uterus 2. nonciliated peg cells - nutritive secretions

Front 85

What is the blood supply to the ovaries?

Back 85

ovarian arteries - from the abdominal aorta, and ovarian branches from the uterine arteries from the internal iliac arteries.

Front 86

What is innervation to the ovaries?

Back 86

autonomic ovarian plexus

Front 87

The uterine tube has _____ transport.

Back 87

bidirectional - by ciliary and peristaltic

Front 88

What are the 3 uterine layers and what do they contain?

Back 88

1. Perimetrium (outermost, serosa or visceral peritoneum) 2. Myometrium (thick muscular layer) 3. Endometrium (mucosa that is responsive to estrogens and progesterone).

Front 89

What are 2 layers of the endometrium and what do they contain?

Back 89

stratum functionale - thicker portion that sloughs off during menses. AND stratum basale - DOES NOT slough off during menses, serves as a source of new cells for regeneration of stratum functionale

Front 90

The Stratum Functionale has what epithelium?

Back 90

Lined by a simple columnar epithelium

Front 91

the stratum functional surface invaginates into underlying lamina propria to form ____ _____

Back 91

uterine glands

Front 92

Proliferation of the stratum functionale is ____ dependent

Back 92

estrogen

Front 93

Secretory phase of the stratum functionale is ______ dependent

Back 93

progesterone

Front 94

what causes progesterone levels to rise?

Back 94

corpus luteum

Front 95

in the endometrium, Straight arteries pass through stratum ____.

Back 95

basale.

Front 96

Within the stratum ______, arteries become spiral.

Back 96

functionale,

Front 97

Spiral arteries supply _____ _____ in stratum functionale.

Back 97

capillary beds

Front 98

of the Endometrium, Thin-walled dilated portions of capillaries are called ____.

Back 98

lacunae.

Front 99

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

Back 99

Proliferative, Secretory, Menstral phases.

Front 100

What happens during the proliferative phase of the menstral cycle?

Back 100

Estrogen influences proliferation of strutum functionale and is concurrent with follicular phase of ovarian cycle.

Front 101

What happens during the Secretory phase of the menstral cycle?

Back 101

Primarily progesterone dependent. (Corresponds with the luteal phase of ovarian cycle) glands enlarge and becomes corkscrew shaped - secrete mucous rich in nutrients

Front 102

What is the secretory phase of the menstral cycle dependent on?

Back 102

Corresponds to degeneration of the corpus luteum.

Front 103

The Secretory Phase begins how many days after ovulation?

Back 103

Begins a day or two after ovulation.

Front 104

In what part of the menstrual cycles do Glands enlarge and become corkscrew shaped?

Back 104

secretory phase (luteal phase of ovarian cycle)

Front 105

At what phase in the menstrual cycle is there a Decline in ovarian estrogen and progesterone?

Back 105

Menstrual Phase

Front 106

At what phase in the menstrual cycle is there Contractions of spiral arteries which causes ischemia followed by vascular contraction?

Back 106

Menstrual Phase

Front 107

What uterine phase begins shortly after the hormonal surge on day 13?

Back 107

secretory

Front 108

What hormone surges around day 13 of the cycle?

Back 108

LH

Front 109

What hormone rises under the influence of LH hormone?

Back 109

progesterone

Front 110

What ovarian event is triggered by the hormonal surge on day 13?

Back 110

ovulation

Front 111

What Undergoes some hormone dependent changes, but does not have spiral arteries and does Not slough off?

Back 111

Cervix

Front 112

TRUE / FALSE The cervix does not produce mucus.

Back 112

FALSE. Cervical glands do.

Front 113

The cervix can develop Cysts called _____ cysts.

Back 113

Nabothian

Front 114

What is the epithelium type of the vagina?

Back 114

Stratified squamous non-keratinized.

Front 115

What part of the female reproductive system is known as a Fibromuscular tube?

Back 115

vagina

Front 116

TRUE / FALSE The vagina does not produce mucus.

Back 116

TRUE - no glands, lubricated by cervical secretions.

Front 117

What is the vagina lubricated by?

Back 117

Cervical secretions. Also lubricated Bartholin glands (greater vestibular glands) in the superficial perineal pouch.

Front 118

vaginal cells are Under the influence of the hormone _____, epithelial cells accumulate ______.

Back 118

estrogen, glycogen.

Front 119

What are the differences beween normal and abnormal pap smears?

Back 119

Squamous cells with pyknotic nuclei. VS abnormal Large nuclei in polymorphic cells.

Front 120

TRUE FALSE Like all glands of the female reproductive system, the mammary glands undergo cyclical changes dependent on ovarian hormones.

Back 120

TRUE

Front 121

During pregnancy, ______ causes proliferation of secretory cells and ______ stimulates secretory production.

Back 121

estrogen; progesterone

Front 122

____ causes a drop in estrogen and progesterone and allows the secretion of prolactin.

Back 122

Birth

Front 123

Prolactin inhibits LH secretion and causes ____ _____, a major form of birth control in some cultures.

Back 123

lactational ammenorrhea,

Front 124

What is Most common female malignancy in the U.S.?

Back 124

Breast Cancer

Front 125

define nulliparous

Back 125

having never given birth to a viable infant.

Front 126

What is a particular demographic susceptible to breast cancer?

Back 126

Nulliparous women and those that get pregnant after age 35 are at greater risk.