Ant Human Evolution Test #1 Genetics

Front 1

Genotype vs. phenotype

Back 1

Genotype = genetic code
Phenotype = the visible expression of this genetic code

Front 2

Symbolic representations of dominant and recessive genes

Back 2

Dominant = p or big letter
Recessive = q or little letter

Front 3

Anagenesis

Back 3

Existing species transformed into a new species → no increase in biodiversity

Front 4

Cladogenesis

Back 4

Branching event of speciation off of a mother species →increases biodiversity

Front 5

Phyletic gradualism

Back 5

slow microevolution which over a long period of time leads to macroevolution

Front 6

Punctuated equilibrium

Back 6

fast speciation due to reproductive isolation

Front 7

Meiosis
Mitosis

Back 7

MEiosis = only forms gametes → 1 DNA replication followed by 2 cell divisions leads to haploid cells ("me" for 1)
MiTosis = forms all other types of cells → 1 DNA replication followed by 1 cell division leads to diploid cells ("T" for 2)

Front 8

Haploid
Diploid

Back 8

Haploid = a cell with 1 copy of a chromosome (mom or dad)
Diploid = a cell with 2 copies of chromosomes (mom and dad)

Front 9

Polygeneic
Pleiotrophy

Back 9

Polygenic = many genes contribute to 1 single effect → poly = many
Pleiotrophy = 1 gene has mulptiple effects → the gene wins the trophy for awesomeness!!

Front 10

Relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes

Back 10

DNA make up chromosome, and genes (traits) are found on a particular loci on the chromosome

Front 11

4 DNA bases
which pairs with which

Back 11

Adenine + Thymine
Guanine + Cytosine

Front 12

2 functions of DNA

Back 12

Mitosis and Meiosis
Template for protein synthesis

Front 13

DNA to protein synthesis

Back 13

a set of 3 pairs of DNA bases OR a 3 letter sequence (RNA) codes for an amino acid
amino acids combine to create proteins

Front 14

Homologous pairs
Sex chromosomes
Autosome

Back 14

Homologous pairs = genetically corresponding pairs of chromosomes from mom and dad; make up diploid cells
Sex chromosomes = X or Y chromosomes which determine sex
Autosomes = every other chromosome except for sex chromosomes; determines all other traits

Front 15

allele

Back 15

chemical variants of a gene

Front 16

homozygote vs. heterozygote alleles

Back 16

homozygote = 2 copies of the same allele at one locus
heterozygote = 2 different alleles at one locus

Front 17

dominant vs. recessive alleles

Back 17

Dominant = one that is expressed phenotypically when either heterzygous or homozygous
Recessive = one that is expressed phenotypically only when in the homozygous state

Front 18

diploid vs. haploid

Back 18

Diploid = 2 copies of a chromosome (mom AND dad)
Haploid = 1 copy of a chromosome (mom OR dad)

Front 19

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Back 19

23
22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Front 20

Calculating allelic frequencies

Back 20

# of dominant or recessive alleles (p or q)

divided by

Total # of alleles (p + q)

Front 21

Genotypic frequencies

Back 21

Homozygote dominant: allelic frequency squared (pp) = (p2)
Heterozygote: allelic frequencies multiplied, then squared (pq)(qp) = 2(pq) or (pq)2
Homozygote recessive: allelic frequency squared (qq) = (q2)