Ant Exam 1

Front 1

Natural Selection

Back 1

Survival of the fittest. Acts on traits that benefit the adaptation of the species to their environment.

Front 2

Fitness

Back 2

Reproductive success of an individual.

Front 3

Consanguinity

Back 3

Related by blood.

Front 4

Cross Cousins

Back 4

Children of siblings of opposite sex.

Front 5

Parallel Cousins

Back 5

Children of siblings of same sex.

Front 6

Bridewealth/ Bride Price

Back 6

Payments from husband and his kin to the kin of the bride.

Front 7

Bride Service

Back 7

Payment in work, for a time, to the kin of the bride (Hunter-Gather societies)

Front 8

Dowry

Back 8

Property endowment bride brings w/ her into her husband's household at time of marriage.`

Front 9

Affinity

Back 9

Relationship resulting from marriage rather than descent from common ancestor.

Front 10

Polygamy

Back 10

Multiple marriages at the same time.

Front 11

Polygyny

Back 11

Marriage of one man to multiple women at the same time.

Front 12

Polyandry

Back 12

Marriage of one woman to multiple men at the same time.

Front 13

Patrilocal/Virilocal marriage residence patterns

Back 13

Couple resides with or near husband's parents.

Front 14

Matrilocal/Uxorilocal

Back 14

Couple resides with/near mother's parents (mother's brother is dominant).

Front 15

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 15

Language partially determines culture and culture feeds back into language.

Front 16

Where does natural selection operate?

Back 16

In individuals who compete for resources and reproductive success. Favors individuals and fitness of individuals (not pop or species).

Front 17

Why did variation in skin color evolve?

Back 17

Need sun to absorb vitamin D, so a place with less sun will have lighter skin to absorb more, and vice versa.

Front 18

Why are there no human races?

Back 18

Everyone has the same basic genetic code and is the same species. There are only genetic variations in order to adapt to different climates.

Front 19

Shared behaviors between humans and other primates.

Back 19

-Territoriality
-Tools and technology use
-Food sharing as part of risk management
-Symbolic behavior leading to development of language
-Care of young by mother

Front 20

Multiregional model of homo sapien evolution.

Back 20

Hominid pop spread out b/w Africa and Eurasia, but all stayed homo sapiens.

Front 21

Replacement model of homo sapien evolution.

Back 21

3 different species for Africa, Western Eurasia, and Eastern Eurasia.

Front 22

5 basic types of subsistence strategies based on plants.

Back 22

Agriculture
Domestication
Foragint and Collection
Managing
Cultivation

Front 23

Pastoral Nomadism

Back 23

entire group moves with animals throughout year and trade for crops.

Front 24

Transhumance

Back 24

part of group moves but most stay home and produce their on crops in home village.

Front 25

What advantages does food production have in relation to the humans who practice it?

Back 25

Territorial control of land, support extended families, storage of resources in relation to seasons of hunger.

Front 26

What problems does the dependency on food production have for populations who practice it?

Back 26

Increased pop and decreased mobility, spread of diseases, lower food quality, warfare, economic inequality b/w groups and hereditary social inequality.

Front 27

Three risk management theories.

Back 27

Food Storage
Changes in diet breadth
Food sharing/pooling

Front 28

Why might pottery have been invented?

Back 28

Ritual use for serving/fermentation.

Front 29

With what does language diversity appear to correlate and why might this correlation occur?

Back 29

Areas with highest language diversity correlate with environments with richest diversity of plants and animals. Need more vocab for more things.

Front 30

Language families appear to spread with what and from which areas of the world?

Back 30

Spread due to increased pop and migration from areas where ag originated and linked to spread of archaeological complexes.

Front 31

What does the partitioning of hunted game indicate?

Back 31

Receive based on relation to hunter and role in the hunt. Reduces hunter's ego. In warm climates 1 farm couldn't eat it all before it spoils.

Front 32

Why is bipedality important?

Back 32

Frees up hands to grab and carry things. Walk faster when upright. Less surface area exposed to direct sunlight.

Front 33

What is our earliest common ancestor identified and where do these remains occur?

Back 33

Australopithecus Afarensis; Lucy in Hadar, Ethiopia.

Front 34

What type of society are the Nukak Maku defined as?

Back 34

Hunter-gatherers by subsistence pursuits. Bands (small society, no gov't).

Front 35

Problems Nukak Maku have had to deal with since the encroachment of colonizers on their traditional territory.

Back 35

-Deforestation
-Disease
-Money (have none and have no concept of it)

Front 36

What are the basic postulates of evolution by means of natural selection?

Back 36

-Competition
-Variation
-Inheritance

Front 37

What is the difference between human and primate communication?

Back 37

Primates can't put sounds/words together to form new meanings.

Front 38

Syntax

Back 38

Combining words to create meanings.

Front 39

Egalitarianism

Back 39

People are treated equally.

Front 40

In what environments does pastoralism occur?

Back 40

Dry, arid/semi-arid (Sahel, Iran, Asia, Europe)

Front 41

Patrilineal Descent

Back 41

Belong to father's side of the family (inheritance, etc)

Front 42

Matrilineal Descent

Back 42

Lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors.
Mother's brother is main male authority.

Front 43

Domestication

Back 43

Animals and plants are accustomed to control by something; tamed.

Front 44

Hunter-gatherers

Back 44

Residential mobility (move to food), seasonal movement.

Front 45

Nuclear Family

Back 45

Married man and woman and their offspring.

Front 46

Managing

Back 46

Maintenance of important plants without intentional planting.