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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do humans differ from other primates?
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Bipedalism, specialized dentition, material culture and tools, speech and language, hunting and food protection.
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Learned behavior transmitted from person to person.
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culture
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How do humans differ from other primates?
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Bipedalism, specialized dentition, material culture and tools, speech and language, hunting and food protection.
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Culture includes:
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technologies, subsistence patterns, housing types, clothing, religion, values, gender roles, marriage and family.
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Learned behavior transmitted from person to person.
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culture
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Culture includes:
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technologies, subsistence patterns, housing types, clothing, religion, values, gender roles, marriage and family.
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Culture is:
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learned, relative, pervasive
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Culture has no _____ or _____ basis.
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genetic, biological
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Culture is:
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learned, relative, pervasive
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"Each culture should be understood within its own context and not judged by other cultures' norms"
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Cultural relativity
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Culture has no _____ or _____ basis.
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genetic, biological
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All humans are 'ethnocentric'
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Culture is pervasive
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"Each culture should be understood within its own context and not judged by other cultures' norms"
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Cultural relativity
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Studies ALL aspects of human behavior:
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Cultural anthropology
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using specialized knowledge to help solve a culture's specific problems.
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applied anthropology
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All humans are 'ethnocentric'
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Culture is pervasive
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Studies past human societies through material remains.
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Archeology
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Studies ALL aspects of human behavior:
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Cultural anthropology
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using specialized knowledge to help solve a culture's specific problems.
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applied anthropology
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Studies past human societies through material remains.
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Archeology
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Examine later, complex cultures about which there are records in some European language.
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Historical Archaeologists
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Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids
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Artifacts
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- Physical manifestations of human activities: inclues tools, art, and structures.
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Material Culture
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Examine later, complex cultures about which there are records in some European language.
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Historical Archaeologists
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Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids
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Artifacts
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Linguistic Anthropology
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-Studies the construction and use of language by human societies.
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Like culture, ______ is a unique human characteristic.
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Language
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- Physical manifestations of human activities: inclues tools, art, and structures.
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Material Culture
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The study of human biocultural evolution and human biocultural variation.
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Physical Anthropology
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Linguistic Anthropology
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-Studies the construction and use of language by human societies.
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The study of human biocultural evolution and human biocultural variation.
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Biocultural Evolution
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Anthropologists employ the same ______, _______, ad _________ as 'hard' scientists.
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procedures, concepts, and nomenclature
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a provisional explanation of a phenomenon.
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Hypothesis
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Like culture, ______ is a unique human characteristic.
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Language
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Method of testing hypotheses that must yield data and can be replicated by others.
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Experiment
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The study of human biocultural evolution and human biocultural variation.
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Physical Anthropology
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The study of human biocultural evolution and human biocultural variation.
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Biocultural Evolution
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Anthropologists employ the same ______, _______, ad _________ as 'hard' scientists.
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procedures, concepts, and nomenclature
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a provisional explanation of a phenomenon.
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Hypothesis
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Method of testing hypotheses that must yield data and can be replicated by others.
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Experiment
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facts from coclusions can be drawn
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Data
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a broad statement concerning the nature of a phenomenon that has been verfied through rigorous testing.
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Theory
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facts from coclusions can be drawn
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Data
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An indisputable scientific truth. (Very few exist
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Scientific Law
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are ideas or 'informed opinions' that lack suffiecient supporting data and favorable experimental results.
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Hypothesis
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a broad statement concerning the nature of a phenomenon that has been verfied through rigorous testing.
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Theory
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have been tested to the extent that the outcome of any additional testing is not in doubt.
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Theories
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An indisputable scientific truth. (Very few exist
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Scientific Law
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are ideas or 'informed opinions' that lack suffiecient supporting data and favorable experimental results.
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Hypothesis
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have been tested to the extent that the outcome of any additional testing is not in doubt.
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Theories
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What is Western Thought based on?
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Based upon Judeo-Christian Worldview >> Roman worldview >> Greek
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Claims by Aristotle:
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Earth is the center of the universe. There is a great chain of being arranged by god.
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What is Western Thought based on?
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Based upon Judeo-Christian Worldview >> Roman worldview >> Greek
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The Great Chain of Being:
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God >> Angels >> man >> apes >> monkeys >> prosimians >> other animals >> roaches and mildew
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Claims by Aristotle:
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Earth is the center of the universe. There is a great chain of being arranged by god.
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-Greek Geographer and Astronomer
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Ptolemy
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The Great Chain of Being:
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God >> Angels >> man >> apes >> monkeys >> prosimians >> other animals >> roaches and mildew
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Geocentric Nation of the Universe
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Earth at Center
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-Greek Geographer and Astronomer
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Ptolemy
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The Romans adopted many Greek concepts and merged into these ____.
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catholic doctrines
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Geocentric Nation of the Universe
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Earth at Center
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recognizes Christinaity
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Constantine
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The Romans adopted many Greek concepts and merged into these ____.
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catholic doctrines
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_______founded christmas on 12/25 to coincide with two pagan holidays.
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Constantine
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recognizes Christinaity
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Constantine
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Eixity of Species - the earth was 'full and life didn't change'
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The Genesis Creation Myth
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_______founded christmas on 12/25 to coincide with two pagan holidays.
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Constantine
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"- life was ideally suited to do what it does."
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Grand Design
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Eixity of Species - the earth was 'full and life didn't change'
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The Genesis Creation Myth
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"- life was ideally suited to do what it does."
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Grand Design
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analyzed genesis to determine date of creation.
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Archbishop James Usher.
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THE RENAISSANCE ('Rebirth')
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-Driven by economic changes in the 14th through 16th century.
-Led to the rediscovery of many arts and sciences. -Science reemerged as a way of knowing. |
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What happened in the 16th century?
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The Scientific Revolution began.
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- In 1517, became the father of the protestant reformation of the roman catholic church.
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Martin Luther
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Protestant Reformation's influences on Science:
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-Decline of absolute Papal authority in political matters.
- Freed a lot fo Europe from church restrictions on scientific inquiry. - Gradually created an environment for natural explanations of the world. |
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Polish mathematicisan / astronomer. Proved that the earth revolved around the sun.
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Copernicus
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-Italian astronomer and scientist.
-Invented the first usable telescope. -Supported heliocentric theory. -Under houes arrest by Catholic Church - last nine years of his life. |
Galileo Galiler
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Galileo's contributions to Darwin:
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-Began the process that made scientific rather than supernatural explantations of the natural world acceptable.
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analyzed genesis to determine date of creation.
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Archbishop James Usher.
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Mathmatically established the laws of physics, motion, and gravity.
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton's contributions to Darwin:
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Proved that the universe operates according to natural lawas that are observable, measurable.
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THE RENAISSANCE ('Rebirth')
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-Driven by economic changes in the 14th through 16th century.
-Led to the rediscovery of many arts and sciences. -Science reemerged as a way of knowing. |
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What happened in the 16th century?
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The Scientific Revolution began.
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analyzed genesis to determine date of creation.
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Archbishop James Usher.
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- In 1517, became the father of the protestant reformation of the roman catholic church.
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Martin Luther
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THE RENAISSANCE ('Rebirth')
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-Driven by economic changes in the 14th through 16th century.
-Led to the rediscovery of many arts and sciences. -Science reemerged as a way of knowing. |
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analyzed genesis to determine date of creation.
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Archbishop James Usher.
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What happened in the 16th century?
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The Scientific Revolution began.
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Protestant Reformation's influences on Science:
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-Decline of absolute Papal authority in political matters.
- Freed a lot fo Europe from church restrictions on scientific inquiry. - Gradually created an environment for natural explanations of the world. |
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analyzed genesis to determine date of creation.
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Archbishop James Usher.
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Polish mathematicisan / astronomer. Proved that the earth revolved around the sun.
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Copernicus
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THE RENAISSANCE ('Rebirth')
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-Driven by economic changes in the 14th through 16th century.
-Led to the rediscovery of many arts and sciences. -Science reemerged as a way of knowing. |
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THE RENAISSANCE ('Rebirth')
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-Driven by economic changes in the 14th through 16th century.
-Led to the rediscovery of many arts and sciences. -Science reemerged as a way of knowing. |
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- In 1517, became the father of the protestant reformation of the roman catholic church.
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Martin Luther
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-Italian astronomer and scientist.
-Invented the first usable telescope. -Supported heliocentric theory. -Under houes arrest by Catholic Church - last nine years of his life. |
Galileo Galiler
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What happened in the 16th century?
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The Scientific Revolution began.
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What happened in the 16th century?
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The Scientific Revolution began.
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Galileo's contributions to Darwin:
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-Began the process that made scientific rather than supernatural explantations of the natural world acceptable.
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Protestant Reformation's influences on Science:
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-Decline of absolute Papal authority in political matters.
- Freed a lot fo Europe from church restrictions on scientific inquiry. - Gradually created an environment for natural explanations of the world. |
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Polish mathematicisan / astronomer. Proved that the earth revolved around the sun.
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Copernicus
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Mathmatically established the laws of physics, motion, and gravity.
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton
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- In 1517, became the father of the protestant reformation of the roman catholic church.
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Martin Luther
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- In 1517, became the father of the protestant reformation of the roman catholic church.
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Martin Luther
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-Italian astronomer and scientist.
-Invented the first usable telescope. -Supported heliocentric theory. -Under houes arrest by Catholic Church - last nine years of his life. |
Galileo Galiler
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton's contributions to Darwin:
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Proved that the universe operates according to natural lawas that are observable, measurable.
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Protestant Reformation's influences on Science:
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-Decline of absolute Papal authority in political matters.
- Freed a lot fo Europe from church restrictions on scientific inquiry. - Gradually created an environment for natural explanations of the world. |
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Protestant Reformation's influences on Science:
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-Decline of absolute Papal authority in political matters.
- Freed a lot fo Europe from church restrictions on scientific inquiry. - Gradually created an environment for natural explanations of the world. |
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Galileo's contributions to Darwin:
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-Began the process that made scientific rather than supernatural explantations of the natural world acceptable.
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Polish mathematicisan / astronomer. Proved that the earth revolved around the sun.
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Copernicus
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Polish mathematicisan / astronomer. Proved that the earth revolved around the sun.
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Copernicus
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-Italian astronomer and scientist.
-Invented the first usable telescope. -Supported heliocentric theory. -Under houes arrest by Catholic Church - last nine years of his life. |
Galileo Galiler
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Mathmatically established the laws of physics, motion, and gravity.
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton
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Galileo's contributions to Darwin:
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-Began the process that made scientific rather than supernatural explantations of the natural world acceptable.
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-Italian astronomer and scientist.
-Invented the first usable telescope. -Supported heliocentric theory. -Under houes arrest by Catholic Church - last nine years of his life. |
Galileo Galiler
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton's contributions to Darwin:
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Proved that the universe operates according to natural lawas that are observable, measurable.
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Galileo's contributions to Darwin:
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-Began the process that made scientific rather than supernatural explantations of the natural world acceptable.
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Mathmatically established the laws of physics, motion, and gravity.
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton
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Mathmatically established the laws of physics, motion, and gravity.
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton's contributions to Darwin:
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Proved that the universe operates according to natural lawas that are observable, measurable.
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Kepler, Descartes, and Newton's contributions to Darwin:
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Proved that the universe operates according to natural lawas that are observable, measurable.
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English naturalist, philospher, theologian
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John Ray
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What did John Ray do/believe?
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-The Wisdom of God manifested int he works of the creation (1691)
- Created the first scientific classification system for plants and animals -introduced species and genus (For taxonomy) -believed god created everything in universe and that there was a fixity of species) -Only wanted to document God's creation. |
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Swedish botanist
-founder of modern taxonomy |
Carolus Linnaeus
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What did Linnaeus believe/do?
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used Ray's genus and species, but added class and order
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(genus and species)
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Linnaeus' contributions to Darwin:
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-Provided a framework for understanding the evolutionary relationships between living things.
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French Nationalist and intellectual
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George-Louis LeClerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
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What did George-Louis LeClerc do?
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Natural History:
- documented the natural world known at the time. recognized the environment as an agent of change. - Life that migrated changed to adapt to the enviornment |
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-Charles Darwin's Grandfather.
-Leading 18th century British intellectual -An evolutionist who argued that species changed over time |
Erasmus Darwin
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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Naturalist, evolutioist, and father of iology
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What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck do?
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First scientist to provide a (wrong) explanation of the evolutionary process.
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What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believe?
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an animal can acquire characteristics duing it's lifetime and pass them on to their offspring. (ex: giraffe)
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What were Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's contributions to Darwin?
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Demonstrated that species changed over time, and that the environment was a major drving force of the change
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james Hutton:
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"Theory of the Earth" - -Our planet is millions of years old, not 6,000, and has a long history of development and change.
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Father of Modern Geology
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Charles Lyell
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Hutton's Theory of UNIFORMITARIANISM
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Charles Lyell
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Hutton's Theory of UNIFORMITARIANISM
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Slow geologic processes observed today have always been at work.
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Lyell's contribution to Darwin
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Established a deep history for Earth that was requisite for evolutionary theory to work.
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Identified cells as the building blocks of life.
First to realize that fossils were the remains of living things. |
Robert Hooke
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-French geologist and father of paleontology.
-Introduced extinction to explain disappearance of animals via Catastrophism. |
George Cuvier (1769-1832)
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-Natural disasters (e.g. Noah's Flood) shaped the earth.
-Wrecked areas were restocked with new life - migrating in or newly created. |
Catastrophism
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George Cuvier contributions to Darwin:
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The fossil record is key to understanding evolution over time.
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Economist and father of demography
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Thomas Malthus
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Thomas Malthus's "An Essay on the Principle of Population" :
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-Explored the relationship between food supplies and population
-Constant competition for food and resources leads to 'a struggle for life'. - Human populations always grow faster than food resources. |
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Thomas Malthu's contributions to Darwin was:
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Characteristics of individuals determine the winners and losers in the great struggle for survival.
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Two must substantial contributors to Darwin's theory were:
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Thomas Malthus and Charles Lyell
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Darwin and Wallace:
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-Compromised and agreed to submit papers in 1858 at the Linnaean Society.
-But Darwin was able to publish his first book... -1859 - "On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races inthe Struggle of Life." All 1250 copies sold the first day. |
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A fierce advocate of Darwin
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Thomas Henry Huxley
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Written by Thomas Henry Huxley...Used anatomy to compare humans and great apes.
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-Man's Place in Nature
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What was Darwin missing?
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The mechanisms of heredity (genes hadn't been discovered) and sources of variation.
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What are Genes?
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- a short strand of DNA that codes for a certain characteristic or triat.
- Genes are recipes for protein. |
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Structural genes
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body parts, etc.
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Regulatory genes
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enzymes, etc.
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All life's DNA is composed of the same molecules and carries on similiar functions. Implies common ancestry for all life on planet.
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Universal genetic code.
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-Caused by a mutant recessive allele (SS).
-Fatal by adulthood. -Gene present in up to 15-20% of some African demes |
Sickle-Cell Anemia
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-Random change in allele frequency over time.
-Caused by small poulation size (island fauna) and/or reproductive isolation. (Amish). Many Amish have Polydactyly - extra fingers! -Can lead to one allele being lost and the other fixed in a population. |
Genetic Drift
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When a small group of individuals contributes exclusively to the gene pool of the next generation.
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Founder Effect (aka Bottleneck effect)
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The transfer of genes across population boundaries.
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Gene flow.
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Gene flow can be ______ or ______
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random or non random
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causes alleles to move in a certain direction, which causes them to become more common.
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Directional natural selection
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favors average over extremes (birth weight...babies that are too small have harder time surviving...babies to big have hard time being born.)
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Stablizing
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favors the extremes over average. (Pygmy mammoths, Galapagos tortoises...took a long time to grow that large)
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Disruptive selection
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Subfields of Physical Anthropology
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Paleoanthropology - human evolution, Primatology - primates, Osteology- human skeleton, Paleopathology - ancient skeletal remains, Forensic Anthropology - human remains with some sort of legal matter.
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work mostly in America, study cultures that are more recent, after European contact. Examine later, complex culture about which there are records in some European Language.
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Historical Archaeologists
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- A change or alteration in DNA sequence. The only way new genes are made.
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mutation
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Darwin's second book. Outlines his view on how life came from simple organisms to what we see now. Human evolution.
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Decent of Man (1871)
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