Ant 311 Test 2

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Rites of Passage

- Marks and individuals movement from one status to another.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: To legitimize status, and imprint it on a communities collective memory.

- Examples: Birth, coming of age, marriage, death, pilgrimage.

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Pilgrimages

- A journey to a sacred place.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Traveling to a far off place to show devotion.

- Examples: The Hajj

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Tabu Rituals

- Objects and possibly people that are off limits. Also an inappropriate mode of interpersonal behavior.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: To reinforce negative connotations.

- Examples: Drinking of human ash or cannibalism

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Periodic Rituals

- Being performed on a regular basis as a part of a religious calendar.

- Is a ritual.

- Purpose: Cultural or religious stability as well as it create a community.

- Examples: Sunday morning church and Christmas.

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Occasional Rituals

- Rituals being performed when a particular need arises.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Important events

Examples: Ritual to control an infestation of insects or to bring rain. Also marks a birth, death, or marriage.

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Technological Rituals

- Rituals that attempt to influence or control nature.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Influence nature in the quest for food. Fertility in crops and animals. Help in activities affecting human well-being.

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Ideological Rituals

- Serve to maintain the normal functioning of a society.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Delegate codes of proper behavior, define good and evil, and show moral and immoral.

- Examples; Jewish ritual of reciting the Kaddish at a funeral.

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Social Rites of Intensification

- Reinforces religious and social beliefs and values.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Keeps a religion in the fore-front of a communities mind.

Examples: Easter and Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year).

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Therapy Rituals

- Deals with illness, accident, and death.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Healing and curing

- Examples: Navajo coming together to perform a therapy ritual when a balance has been tipped.

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Anti-Therapy Rituals

- Bring about illness, accidents, and death.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Antisocial

- Examples: Fore of New Guinea (Kuru)

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Salvation Rituals

- Focuses on the religious experience of an individual

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Changes an individual in some way temporarily or permanently.

- Example: Baptism

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Revitalization Rituals

- Associated with revitalization movements.

- Is a ritual

- Purpose: Social movements and develop within a context of rapid culture change.

- Examples: Communion

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A ritual can refer to ant repetitive sequence of acts

A religious ritual involves then manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature.

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Rituals required to be performed:

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Prescriptive Rituals

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Rituals performed because of a particular need of a individual or a community:

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Situational or Crisis Ritual

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Rituals that seek information:

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Divination Rituals

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Birth Ceremonies

- When the child becomes a integral part of the community. Designed to ensure the safety and well-being of the child.

- In traditional societies the baby may be passed over smoke, given a name, and have strings tired around it's wrists to prevent illness.

- In our society their is baptism (so a baby will become a part of the Catholic community) and Jewish circumcision (a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community).

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The first phase in the typical Rite of Passage:

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Separation

The individual is removed from his or her former status.

In American weddings this is the preparations, engagement party, and finally when the bride walks down the isle and her father gives her way.

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Second phase in the typical Rite of Passage:

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Transition

Several activities take place that bring about the change in status.

In American weddings this is the ceremony is self.

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The final phase in the typical Rite of Passage:

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Incorporation

The person reenters normal society though in a new social relationship

In an American wedding this includes the reception or party.

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Coming of Age ritual among the Yanomamo:

Once a girl has her menarche she is secluded in a simple enclosure, where she stays for three days eating little. She shaves her head, removes her ornaments, in hopes of looking unattractive to prevent evil spirits from seducing her. After three days she adorns new ornaments, leaves, and is incorporated into the community as an adult.

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The state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphosis takes place:

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Liminality

An example is the Islamic Hajj; when in liminality everyone is equal, and during the Hajj everyone performs the same rituals and wear white.

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Cicatrization:

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Scarification.

a piece of skin is raised and cut, some material, such as ash, is rubbed in to encourage the production of scars.

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Disturbances in concentration, attention, memory, and judgment; reality testing impaired to varying degrees; distinction between cause and effect blurred.

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Alterations in Thinking

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Altered sense of time and chronology; feeling of timelessness; time coming to a standstill; the acceleration or slowing of time seen as infinitely long or infinitesimally short.

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Disturbed Time Sense

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Fear of losing grip on reality and self-control; feelings of helplessness; in spirit possession states the person relinquishes control.

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Loss of Control

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Sudden and unexpected displays of emotional extremes; individual may become detached and uninvolved.

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Change in Emotional Expression

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Distortion in body image; a schism between body and mind; dissolution of boundaries between self and others and universe; various body parts appear or feel shrunken, enlarged, distorted, heavy, weightless, disconnected; spontaneous experiences of dizziness, blurring of vision.

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Body Image Change

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Hallucinations; increased visual imagery; synesthesia, in which one form of sensory experience experience is translated into other form, such as seeing or feeling sound.

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Perceptual Distortions

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Attach increased meaning to significance to experiences; feeling of profundity.

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Change in Meaning or Significance

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Inability to communicate the experience to someone who has not undergone a similar experience; varying degrees of amnesia; some lucid memory.

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Sense of Ineffable

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Experience a new sense of hope, rejuvenation, and rebirth; hypersuggestability, in which the person comes to reply more on suggestions of the shaman, demagogue, interrogator, or other religious practitioner; contradictions, doubts, inconsistencies, and inhibitions tend to diminish; suggestions of the person endowed with authority accepted as concrete reality.

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Feelings of Rejuvenation

Characteristic of altered states of consciousness.

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Sacred Pain

- May be seen as punishment (Hindu consequences of bad karma), purifying (monks causing themselves pain to avoid greater torment in the next life), or a source of supernatural power.

- Religious pain is often shared pain.

- Can be self inflicted (funeral rituals involving self mutilation) or inflicted by others.

- Certain levels have an analgesic quality.

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Biological Aspect of Altered States

- An example includes how a fast paced rhythm, when combined with singing and dancing, can overstimulate the sympathetic system, or arousal system of the brain. When this happens the brain selectively shuts down so certain areas stop receiving neural input so it does not function normally.

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A part of the brain that shuts down when overstimulated:

This part of the brain enables us to sense the boundaries of our body, to distinguish ourselves from the world around us, and to orient ourselves in space. When shut down there is a softening of the boundaries between self and other.

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Orientation Association Structure

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Studies have found that is is not possible to get the same effects that are seen with ritual behavior jut by chemically stimulating the right area of the brain.

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The type sf specialists who receives his or her power directly from the spirit world and acquires the ability to do sacred things through personal communication with the supernatural.

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Shaman

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A shamans authority lies in their charisma and ability to heal.

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A full-time religious specialist associated with formalized religious institutions and tend to be found in more complex food-producing societies.

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Priest

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The skill of the priest is based on the learning of ritual knowledge and sacred narratives and on knowledge if how to perform these rituals for the benefit of the community.

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The mouthpiece of the gods. Their role is to communicate the will of the gods to his or her community and act as intermediary between the people and the gods

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Prophets

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Someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are normally not knowable.

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Diviner

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Neoshamanism is focused on the individual, often as a self-help means of improving ones life. . They chose to focus on what they see as the positive aspects of shamanism.

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Asks the question: What does religion do?

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Functionalist Approach

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Focuses on the questions of when and how religion began and how the evolved from simple to complex.

Early religions included animism, the beliefs in spirits and ghosts, and animatism, the belief in a generalized supernatural force.

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Evolutionary Approach

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Religion as a construction of those in power, designed to diverts peoples attention away from the miseries of their lives. A way a compensating and a way to get people to go along with capitalism.

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Marxist Approach

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This approach is concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between the society and the individual. The best example is to look for cross-cultural correlations between various beliefs and behaviors

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Psychological Approach

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Describes religion as a cluster of symbols that provides a charter for a culture's ideas, values, and way of life. Religious symbols help explain human existence by giving it meaning.

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Interpretive Approach