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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False: agriculture is recent?
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True
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For millions of years humans used _______ plants and animals
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Wild
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What are those that collect their food called?
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Hunters & gathers
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These are the general features for what type of society? Small communites, Nomadic, no individual land rights, no classes, no full-time specialists, and a division of labor by age and sex.
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Hunters & gathers
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What is an example of Hunters & gathers?
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!Kung
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True or False: The !Kung spend many hours a day collecting food.
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False
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Where are the !Kung located
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South Africa
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What are three examples of food production?
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Horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
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When were plants and animals domesticated (approx)
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10,000 years ago
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Did Horticulture start in one place and spread?
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No, it started in many locations
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What kind of Horticulture is practiced in Yanomamo (Brazil, Venezuela)?
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Slash and Burn
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In IA are the feilds cultivated and permanent?
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Yes
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In IA do they depend on rain?
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No, they have fertilizer and irrigation systems
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In IA are plows used?
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Yes
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In IA are animal plows used?
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Yes, but also tractor plows
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What are these general features of? Towns and cities, craft specialization, complex political organizations, differences with wealth, power, and land owndership
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Intensive Agriculture
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What is pastoralism?
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Domesticated herds of animals.
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Which is more important (in pastoralism) the meat or the milk/blood?
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Milk/blood. Ew...
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Is trade important in pastoralism?
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Yes (with the agriculutre groups)
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What are the general features of Pastoralists? (4)
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They're nomadic, live in small communites, the animals are owned by indiviuals or familes, and trade is frequent
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What are the three basic factors of economic systems?
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1. Allocation (ownership)
2. Conversion (production) 3. Distribution |
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What is not an unusual incentive for labor?
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Profit
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what is the universal divison of labor?
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Age and gender
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What are the three general types of goods and services?
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Reciprocity, Redistribution, and market (commercial)
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What is reciprocity?
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giving and taking without money - gifts, trade
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What is generalized reciprocity?
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Giving with no immediate return
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What is an example of generalized reciprocity?
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!Kung and the distribution of large game.
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What is Balanced reciprocity?
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Reciprocity that expects immediate return.
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What is an example of balanced reciprocity?
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Trobian islanders and their shell necklaces for arm bands
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What does it mean for reciprocity to be used as a leveling device?
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Reciprocity gift giving, it equalizes the distribution of goods between communites
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What are two examples of reciprocity being used as a leveling device?
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The giving of pigs in New Guinea and the Native American Potlatch
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What is redistribution?
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When goods are accumulated by a person and later distributed
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What type of organization does a redistribution require?
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Political
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Redistribution is usually...
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Agriculture
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What is a market/ commerical exchange?
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Where prices are based on suppy and demand
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Most market transactions involve...
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Money
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What is a peasant economy?
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One that reguarly sells the surplus but isn't fully commerical
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What is social stratification?
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Variation in degree of social inequality
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What are the three advantages to social stratifcation?
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1. Wealth
2. Power 3. Prestige |
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Egalitarian, Rank, and Class are three types of what?
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Stratifited society
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What is a eglitarian society?
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One that is most common in hunting &gathering groups and the positions depend on ability (and there's lots of sharing, not stratified)
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What are some examples of a egalitarian society?
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!Kung and Foragers
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What is a rank society?
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Where social groups have unequal access to prestige or status (wealth not nessarily important)
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A rank society usual is composed of...
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Food producers
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What are some examples of a rank soceity?
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Kwakiutl and the Trobriand Islanders
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A ______ is a category of people who have the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power and prestige
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Class
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The two types of class societies are?
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Open and caste
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What is an open society?
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One which social mobility is possible (moving from one class to another - America)
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What is a caste society?
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The classes are close and membership is only by birth (India)
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When was the first archeological evidence of inequality found?
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Not before 8000 years ago, around the time agriculture emerged
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Burials with elite grave goods are an example of...
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The emergence of stratification
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What is marriage?
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It is anapproved sexual and economic union between a man and a woman
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What is the Nayar Exception
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This is where there is no permanent sexual and economic cooperation by the husband
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Why is marriage universal?
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It is an adaptive, universla soltuion to solve problems.
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Gender division of labor, prolonged infant dependency and sexual competition are problems solved by...
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Marriage
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What marks the onset of marriage?
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Many societies have ceremonies, others have other social signals
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A bride pricee, bride service, exchange, or dowry are all examples of...
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The economic aspects of marriage that transitions in about 75% of societies
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What is a bride price?
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The most common economic aspect that involves money or goods going to the bride's family
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What is bride service?
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The second most common economic aspect that involes the groom working for the brides family
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What is the exchange of females?
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This is a not common economic aspect which involes a female member of the grooms family being traded for the bride
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What is a dowry?
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Goods from brides family given to the bride
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What is a restrictions on marriage?
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The universal taboo is incest
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Childhood-familiarity theory, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Family-disruption theory, Cooperation theory, and the Inbreeding theory are all examples of...
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Five theories of the incest taboo
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What is an arranged marriage
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The marriage is arrangaed by family
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What is Exogamy?
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Marriage outside group
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What is endogamy?
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marriage inside group
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What is a cross cousin marriage?
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The father's sister's child or the mother's brother's child
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What is a parallel-cousin marriage?
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The father's brother's child or the mother's sister's child
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What is levirate?
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Where the widow marries the brother of her dead husband
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What is sororate?
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Where the woman marries her dead sister's husband.
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What is monogamy?
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One man and one woman at a time
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What is polygamy?
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Plural marriage
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What is Polynyny?
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Man has more than one wife (this is allowed in most societies studied)
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What is polyandry?
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One woman married to several men (very rare)
Tibet - land scarce |
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What is the family?
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The social and economic unit
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What are the two common categories of family?
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Extended and nuclear
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Patrilocal is...
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New couple lives with groom's parents
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Matrilocal is...
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New couple live with bride's parents
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Bilocal is...
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May live with either parent
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Avunculocal...
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Live with the groom's mother's brother
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Neolocal is..
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Couple live apart form either parent
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What is kinship?
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Connections prove main struction of social action
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Patrilineal
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Related through men (child belongs to fathers group)
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Matrilienal
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related through men (child belongs to mothers group)
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Ambilineal
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related through men or women (side of choice)
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Double descent
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affiliated with patrilineal for some purposes and matrilineal for others
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Bilateral kinship
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Both sides of relatives equally important
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Unilineal descent
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calcuclae descent through one side
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Lineages, clans, phratries, and moieties are...
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types of unilineal descent groups
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Lineage
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Trace descent from known common ancestor
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Clans
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Assume common ancestor but not actually known
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Totems
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Plants or animals refer to kin group
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Phraties
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groups composed of more than one clan
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moieties
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society dived into two halves
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Kinship terminonly
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system of classifcation terms
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Consanguineal kin
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related through blood
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Affineal kin
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related through marriage
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On the kinship chart ego is...
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a reference point
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on the kinship chart a circle is..
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a female
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on the kinship chart a triangle is...
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a male
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Inuit/Eskimo, Omaha, Crow, Irqouis, Dudanese, and Hawaiian are...
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The six major examples of kinship terminoly systems
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Inuit or Eskimo term system
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mother, father, sister, brother, son, daughter - not grouped with cousins or uncles (American system)
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Hawaiian term system
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groups of relatives of same sex and generation
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What is an associaton?
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An organized group not based on kinship or territory
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What is a non voluntary association?
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One that is based on age or sex and includes "age-sets" and "unisex"
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What is an age-grade?
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a culturall distinguished range
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What is and age-set?
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Group of person f simly age and same sex that move through stages together
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What is a unisex association?
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Where the membership is one sex
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What is a voluntary association?
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Regional or ethnic assiociations
alsot interest groups (occupation, political, recreational, charitable, social clubs etc) |
