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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Par acute C.M.
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FATAL
- Quick, happens soon after capture - Animal may look relaxed but if it becomes quickly excited - dies right there, systemic acidosis - MOST SEVERE form happens the fastest, dumps a ton of K products into blood (musc necrosis) - May see abnormal heart rhythms, but that is only if you are looking for it. |
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Acute C.M.
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Almost the same as para cute but takes longer.
- Fatal, but takes 24-48 hours to complete - Lingering type of death, animal = "ataxic" - can't walk because so much extensive muscle necrosis - most indicative symptom = "dropped haunches" - so much damage the muscles burst, so they stand lop sided. - Symptoms include elevated heart rate, no urination, rapid breathing --> may be able to early detect Major problem here: alteration in bodily pH |
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Sub Acute C.M.
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- To a lesser extent = systemic acidosis
- A lot of muscle damage leads to kidney damage --> brown/red urine due to muscle degredation product in pee - Can still walk, but wobbly - renal failure = cause of death - 3 to 4 days average until renal failure |
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Chronic C.M.
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Animal may survive several months
- Acidosis still present but much, much reduced. Real problem = muscle necrosis - Muscles get weak, release LA and contribute to necrose and several months later animal dies of a heart attack. - Might be able to take blood sample test acid, but this creates a handling situation. |
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Treatment of Capture Myopathy
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PREVENTION IS THE ONLY TREATMENT!!!
- Minimize stress, fear, & overheating |
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Supportive measures to prevent C.M. (no scientific evidence that they actually work)
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- Cooled IV fluids
- Add sodium bicarbonate to blood, buffer to keep acid low - Can give vit E and selenium to hoofstock to keep muscle damage low - Antibiotics - Corticosteroids - prevent inflammation - |
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Procedural things vets can do to prevent CM
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- Procedures planned early in morning, or at the coolest time of day
- Have a plan of action, know exactly what you are doing - minimize stress and fear - Have all equipment ready to go and MOVE QUICKLY - Everyone should be trained ahead of time and each person should know their duty - Reversal Agent for anesthetic on hand if difficult restraint procedures happen - Blind folds and hoods, dark, decrease visual stimulation - People know how to deal with accidents - Monitor animal during procedure so if something goes wrong do something fast |
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Procedural things vets can do to prevent CM
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- Procedures planned early in morning, or at the coolest time of day
- Have a plan of action, know exactly what you are doing - minimize stress and fear - Have all equipment ready to go and MOVE QUICKLY - Everyone should be trained ahead of time and each person should know their duty - Reversal Agent for anesthetic on hand if difficult restraint procedures happen - Blind folds and hoods, dark, decrease visual stimulation - People know how to deal with accidents - Monitor animal during procedure so if something goes wrong do something fast |
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Four Goals of Enrichment
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1. Conservation
2. Education 3. Research 4. Entertainment |
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Four Goals of Enrichment
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1. Conservation
2. Education 3. Research 4. Entertainment |
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Enrichment for educational purposes
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Usually in immersion exhibit DO NOT want animal performing stereotypies here. Otherwise, very negative view... visitors lose the real message of the exhibit.
- Use a naturalistic environment. - No computerized games, balls - Can hide or make them search for food - Try and disguise toy to make look naturalistic if food does not work. |
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Enrichment for educational purposes
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Usually in immersion exhibit DO NOT want animal performing stereotypies here. Otherwise, very negative view... visitors lose the real message of the exhibit.
- Use a naturalistic environment. - No computerized games, balls - Can hide or make them search for food - Try and disguise toy to make look naturalistic if food does not work. |
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Enrichment for conservational purposes
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enrichment is imporant for reproductive health
The form does not really matter in this case, we just want to make the animal happy enough so they can reproduce reintroduction goals = use positive stressors like food foraging activities |
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Enrichment for conservational purposes
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enrichment is imporant for reproductive health
The form does not really matter in this case, we just want to make the animal happy enough so they can reproduce reintroduction goals = use positive stressors like food foraging activities |
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Enrichment for research purposes
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Form not important because most research is done behind the scenes
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Enrichment for research purposes
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Form not important because most research is done behind the scenes
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Enrichment for Entertainment & Recreation
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- Show and ride animals
- During time animal away from social nature, trainer needs to make a substitute for the time they are away from friends and allowing them to do behaviors during a break (ex: elephants and a sand bath) - Make a variation of times they work so animal does not get used to just one time period. |
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Number 1 priority in adding enrichments - the physical environment
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- The older physical environment - the older, less complex, and less naturalistic the exhibit, the more attention it needs
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Number 2 priority in adding enrichments - The Social Environment
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Conspecifics - sometimes have to break up social groups and have to isolate an animal who is normally social, however you can still keep that animal within smell, sight or hearing range = positive
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Species typical requirements for enrichment
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- Larger cognitive ability = more enrichment
- If they have a large home range - General vs. specific niche - ie; kaybara poops in water so you need to provide that.... prairie dogs burrow... etc |
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Individual Variations for enrichment
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- Wild > Captive Bred. Wild needs more enrichment
- Economic realities = more expensive, but you hopefully make tons of money back because more people will want to see the exhibit - Better repro - Healthier animals = lower vet bills - Better image and PR |
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Legal Requirements for Enrichment
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AZA & TAG - taxon advisory group, give husbandry manuals which give guidelines
US animal welfare act |
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Foregut fermenter
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comes BEFORE acid and enzyme digestion
rumination = recycling of material to mouth for further mastication, "chewing cud" |
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Examples of Foregut Fermenters
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camelids, hippos, kangaroos, colobus, monkeys, sloths
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Herbivore
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PLANT, FIBER, FERMENTATION
- Use anaerobic microbes to digest - Herbivores 100% dependant on microbes to digest food, health of microbes = VERY important |
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Hind Gut fermentation
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Cecotrophic
Enlarged cecum, where fermentation takes place, AFTER stomach and small intestine, before large intestine Usually need higher digestible vegetation - more greens |
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colonic fermentator
(type 2 of hind gut fermentator) |
Fermentation takes place in the colon, these animals eat VERY high fiber
stomach --> small intestine --> cecum --> large intestine --> colon |
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2 types of colonic fermentator
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1) Browsers = duikers, bongos
"concentrate selectors" eat more rapidly fermentable stuff 2) Grazers - Wildebeast, oryx "Bulk and roughage" feeders high fiber, longer fermentation |
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Domestic animal model for foregut fermentators
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Cattle, sheep, goat
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Dom animal model for hindgut
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horse
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colonic fermentator
(type 2 of hind gut fermentator) |
Fermentation takes place in the colon, these animals eat VERY high fiber
stomach --> small intestine --> cecum --> large intestine --> colon |
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Cecotrophic fermentator
(type 1 of hind gut fermentator) |
rabbit, enlarged cecum where ferm takes place after stom, sm intestine, before large intestine
usually need higher digestible vegetation = more greens |
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2 types of colonic fermentator
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1) Browsers = duikers, bongos
"concentrate selectors" eat more rapidly fermentable stuff 2) Grazers - Wildebeast, oryx "Bulk and roughage" feeders high fiber, longer fermentation |
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Domestic animal model for foregut fermentators
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Cattle, sheep, goat
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Dom animal model for hindgut
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horse
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What do herbivores eat in captivity?
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HAY
- Majority of diet - Main source of fiber - Keeps animal busy for a long time -- chew |
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2 Types of hay
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1) Grass - Timothy
-->variability in mineral content 2) Legume - Alfalfa/clover --> Higher in protein |
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Pelleted Feed
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- Compensates for any hay nutrition deficiencies
- Events out nutrient varibaility - "All encompasssing" |
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Browse
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- Supplemental Forage
- Expensive, hard to get - example: leaves, branches, flowers, fruits on branches - Most zoos around here grow their own browse in spring and summer then have to import from elsewhere - Short storage period |
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Problems With Browse
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Secondary compounds within them - plants have natural protection that can be toxic, can cause stomach upset
--> If it may avoid the plant naturally in the wild this does not necessarily mean that it will avoid it in the zoo, may eat bc it is bored. |
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Produce
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Some nutritionalists say it should not be used -- controversial
- Low in fiber, for herbivores this is negative - High in sugar, is produce appropriate?? --- give veggies instead? |
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Carnivores
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1. Diverse Dentition
2. Simple GI Tract |
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Pinnipeds teeth [seal]
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small, sharp teeth, BIG K9's to rip flesh
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Insectivores
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Cusp tooth, a grinding surface
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What does a Simple GI tract mean?
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- no compartmentalization
- very short small and large intestine - no or small cecum |
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2 Types of Carnivore
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1) Strict Carnivore - Cat
--> Eat only animal prey 2) Faculative Carnivore - Dog --> Eat mostly animal prey, but eat some other stuff too --> Not dependant on such a high protein diet |
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What are carnivores fed?
**What is important to remember when feeding meat to animals in captivity? |
Meat and meat based things
- Tubes of fresh meat - Animals eat muscle, bone, and viscera in wild, so it is important to remember this and not just feed muscle meat in captivity - Need to move away from horse meat - slaughter banned in US |
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Problems with feeding strictly muscle meat
Not so much anymore but back in the day |
1. Bone issues - severe bone disease, Ca:P imbalance, not enough minerals
2. Neurological issues 3. Vit A Deficiency, vit A found in most organ meats |
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Other issues we do see today in zoos
**oral disease |
Oral Disease- canned food, no tearing or chewing, plaque build up, can get gingivitis, mouth absesses, can get ceptis from some of the teeth diseases that can lead to heart disease, kidney disease, and bone disease
solution -> throw in bones, dry kibble... however, must give twice a week for it to be really effective. Must be consistant to cut down on plaque and tar build up Can feed prey like chicks, rabbits, mice, rats, most of the time these are fed frozen and not fresh due to PR reason but they get the entire animal so it is a supplement to normal diet ** sometimes you get a spoiled animal however that decides that sometimes they only want chicks |
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Other issues that are in zoos today
**Picivores |
Seasonal and variable, you are never really sure what you are going to get with fish, toxic compounds, just like hay
The way it is handled, stored, froze, can really determine its value Need to make sure to feed a variety of species, protects you from the variability Fish become rancid very quickly, when fish is getting old it uses a lot of it's vitamin E to reduce its randicity, must supplement the fish with vitamin E Also need to supplement thymin because a lot of the fish species have a lot of thyaminase enzymes because when they die a lot of the thyamin is broken down |
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Insectivore Diet
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Crickets, grasshoppers, mealworms
Feed canned meat based diet, supplement with insects, so you are sure they get all nutrients most insects are high on P not enough Ca so load crickets with Ca, then feed them to compensate |
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DIETARY ISSUES in carnivores
Animals in Wild diet pattern |
Animals in wild will hunt once a week and then not eat everyday, in captivity cats eat at least once a day. Not a lot of data on this but would it be beneficial to fast the cats in the zoo? Or keep them thin? Help natural behavior?
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DIETARY issues in carnivores**
Polar Bear Issues |
Vitamin A overload
Since the polar bear is at the top of the food chain, they eat seals, and the seals eat the fish so they have a humongo vit A overload. TONS of liver in vit A... way we found this out people would hunt polar bears and die from vit A overload How much vit A to giv in captivity? Most in zoo have dermatitis issues, skin problems, hair loss -- think this may be related to vitamin A, try to treat it with really SUPER high levels |
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DIETARY ISSUES IN CARNIVORES
Giant & Red Panda |
- Taxonomically canivore, yet eat bamboo
- Herbiverous carnivores - Looks like carnovore, GI tract, no place for this bamboo to be fermented - Why do they eat it?? Check poop, don't seem to use it, some zoos use gruel and biscuits instead to supplement |
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Omnivore
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Dietary Breadth**
Eat really broad plant and animal origin - Relatively digestable diet Complexity of tract in between herbivore (complex) and carnivore (simple) |
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Omnivore Types
Granivore |
Seeds
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Omnivore Types
nectavore |
nector
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Omnivore Types
gumnivore |
gum from tree
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Omnivore Types
frugivore |
Fruit
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Description of omnivore digestive tract
What do you feed? |
simple stomach, intermediate length of intestine, some development of colon and cecum for fermentation
--> some do have bigger colon Have to be sure you feed EVERYTHING nutrients, vitamins, minerals, carbs, balanced diet |
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Copraphagy
omnivores |
Eating feces
A lot of omnivores cannot absorb AA from intestine as it goes through first time as it takes place in cecum or colon, so they come out in feces so animal eats it again |
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What are omnivores usually fed in zoos?
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Fed a premixed diet, pelleted, biscuit, kibble - easy to get, store, and change
Meat not reccommended |
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Behavioral stimulation for omnivores
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Since they eat a lot, need to vary it up a lot in captivity
Manufactured feed dried and caned, need to supplement |
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WHY IS DIVERSITY IMPORTANT IN FEEDING?!
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1. Stimulates natural behavior
2. Reduction of stereotypies/compulsive behavior 3. Improvement in exhibit quality 4. Reduces dependence on just a couple of food items |
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**DO NOT UNDERMIND NUTRITION**
--> What does this mean? |
Include EVERYTHING in diet plan, this includes treats and supplements!
So an animal does not become dependant on any one food try to feed pelleted diet in morning (when they are most hungry) and treats and supplements later to ensure they get the proper nutrition |
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What kinds of treats are appropriate?
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Insects - protein and fat
Seeds and nuts Low sugar, high fiber cereal Popcorn, unsalted and unbuttered Herbivore pellets - scattered, use as passive enrichment |
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N.A.G.
Nutritional Advisory Group Recommends a feeding strategy |
1. Provide a nutrtionally balanced diet
2. Stimulate natural feeding behaviors 3. Does all of the above plus is economical and practical. |
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Steps to create a diet for a species
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1. BG- see if SSP available
- any info about natural diet? - herb, carn, omni? - other institutions where this animal is? 2. Diet evaluation - Calculations - find a model? 3. Diet Implantation - Give precise instruction to keeper to feed animal daily 4. Updating the diet - what is the animal actually eating out of the food you supply it? Need to change and adjust this over time. Need to consider other things like, age, lactation/gestation period, age, amount consumed, what type was consumed ---> need to update based upon these things |
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What the food should be used for
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1. USE FOOD FOR BEHAVIOR ENRICHMENT - all must be calculated within diet, don't feed on top of the planned diet
2. COMMERCIAL NUTRITIONALLY COMPLETE FEEDS --> guarentee nutrients, can deal with variability of supplements 3. NO PUBLIC FEEDING - draws in a crowd, however, if you decide to ignore this rule you must include everything the crowd feeds into the planned diet 4. FOOD USE RECORDS What animals eat/doesn't eat What was added/removed |
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MALES
Testosterone/Androgens --> what do they do? |
Fuels specific behaviors as well as sex behavior, aggression, protection, etc.
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Testes Decent
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IS VARIABLE*
- mammals are the only species with exterior testis |
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No decent of testis
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Elephants, sloths, sea cows
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Testis migration to caudal abdominal cavity
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armadillo, whale, dolphin
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Testis that are just past the abdominal wall
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hedgehog, mole, seals
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Sub Anal Swelling Testis
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pig, rodent, carni's
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Fully descended testis
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primate, hoofstock, marsupial
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Os Penis
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"Bony Penis"
Bone inside penis allows urethra not to collapse during ejaculation |
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Penile Spines
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Cats, mustelids
Provide stimulation during copulation, induced ovulators use this |
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Female Anatomy
--> hynena example |
uterus, cervix & vagina
F completely indistinguishable from male, looks like she has a penis and testis |
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Types of ovulators
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1) Spontaneous
2) Induced --> need stimulation, stimulation by copulation in felids, sometimes obvulate on own and other times need mechanical spines Camel, chemical in male ejaculate induces the F LH surge **Both need LH to ovulate |
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Sperm Storage
Primates |
3 days
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Sperm Storage
Llama, Horse, Camel |
5 Days
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Sperm Storage
Marsupials |
2 weeks
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Sperm Storage
Rodends |
3 weeks
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Sperm Storage
Bats |
200 days
Mate with in fall, female ovulates eggs in spring and then they are fertilized |
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Embryonic Diapause/Delayed Implantation
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Bears, Mustelids
Embryo fertilized, but then waits for optimal period of time to implant |
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Induced CL
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Rodents - no regression, P4 supports pregnancy phase, then goes straight back into follicular
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Pseudopregnancy
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Induced ovulators and CL, sterile mating
- canids undergo spontaneous pseudopregnancy |
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Sperm Storage
Bats |
200 days
Mate with in fall, female ovulates eggs in spring and then they are fertilized |
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Male Fertility
Motility % |
progressive motility
morphology |
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Embryonic Diapause/Delayed Implantation
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Bears, Mustelids
Embryo fertilized, but then waits for optimal period of time to implant |
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Induced CL
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Rodents - no regression, P4 supports pregnancy phase, then goes straight back into follicular
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Pseudopregnancy
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Induced ovulators and CL, sterile mating
- canids undergo spontaneous pseudopregnancy |
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Male Fertility
Motility % |
progressive motility
morphology |
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Male Fertility
Functional Assays (2) |
Cervical Mucus - can it swim through it?
Sperm penetration assay - SPA heterologous egg- golden hampster usually use Take off ZP, any species sperm an fertilize, however then we lose attachment situation Can see if it can capacitate, go through acrosomal rxn, penetrate the zona and egg mem, fuse with oocyte |
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How do you control males hormonally??? (with a pill, injection)
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Give them testosterone toshut down FSH and LH
- Downside, they would need an implant or injection daily - Side effects may be they may now have hyper agression issues, hyper sexuality, hyper masculisaiton |
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How can you non-permanently surgically alter males as a contraceptive
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Occlusion of vas dfrans so there is no sperm in ejaculate, 2 ways:
vas clip, and vas plug Problems, each need to be species specific, one you remove clip there are now sperm anti bodies becuase there was no sperm in the body for so long, when remove (vas clip) there is ton of scar tissue, vas plug may be an answer to this |
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Most common female contraceptive
- biggest problem? - time? |
Melengestrol Acetate
MGA - synthetic progestin - as an implant placed in b/w shoulder blades so animal does not pick at it - Lasts for about 2 years - LOSS is the biggest issue, animal can groom it out, it can fall out - How can we tell its there??? -XRay, put implant with chip - Should not be used longer than 4 yrs, each implant lasts 2 years - Have a hard time with fat animals because the hormone gets sucked into the adipose tissue and it is slowly released |
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What species is MGA used in?
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Carnivores, hoofstock, giraffe, hippo
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MGA in feed
Which animals does this work? not work? |
ungulate & herd animals, put in feed, however some subordinates may not get enough feed
- NOT effective in suids need to give in such high doses = side effect |
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MGA as liquid
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You yourself can mix it into foox, need it daily
train hippos and spray directly giraffes |
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2nd most common contraceptive in femaeles
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Depo Provera
- Injectable, synthetic progesterone - Used for old world monkeys, pinnipends, and cetaceans - Works well for seasonal breeders, only inject during that season - Giraffes and hippos hard to inject need anesthesia - Not sure how long it actually lasts - Some old world f's causes them to stat looking and acting like males |
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Norplant
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Synthetic progesterone "matchstick" inserted under skin, more match sticks = longer time
- Typically anesthetic procedure --> orang, great apes |
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Regumate
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Synthetic Prgestin
- Top dress food, liquid - Works well in suids, pinnipeads, and cetaceans -Equid use mostly to manage male aggression - Need to use daily - Wears off quickly |
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Birth control pills
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combo of E2 and P4
- Great apes, mandrills, monkey, felid - chimps are really good at hiding pill, need to be sure they swallow it |
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GnRH antagonist and agonist
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Lupron & Deslorin, agonist
- Downregulation, effects as sterilization - Works well in carnivores when MGA does not work ---> felid and canids - old word monkey -pinniped and cetacean - DOESNT work ungulate and marsupial Given as injection acan last 6-12 mo - Need initial stimulation in order to down regulate, so need aditional form of BC during this time, can ovulate. - Does change sex specific behavior and characteristic - Be careful with display species |
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How do you decide which method of BC to use?
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1. Sterilization - if appropriate, do it, only 1 anesthetic episode and done
--> older, health issues, animal is over represented genetically, an animal with a heritable disease, a hybrid, all good options -- this way they can still be in their social grouping but dont have to worry about them reproducing. |
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If you seperate M & F sexes, how do you know which sex to use contraception with
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- If it is a solitary animal the choice is obvious to seperate them
- If it is a social herd, and seasonal breeders then only seperate M's and F's during the breeding season - seperate F and M herds in a social group. this is appropriate for ugulates - In a monogomous pair grouping it doesn't matter which one to contracept |
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For multiple sexes, really need to consider all choices... list considerations
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1. Ease of administration
- INjection, pill, anesthesia, vas plug, how easy is it to administer in species? 2. Duration of contraception 3. Failure - if there is an unintended pregnancy, what are the consequences of that? 4. Can you tell if contraception is in place? 5. Behavior consideration --> sex specific behaviors, are these important to display? What about loss of sex characteristics? |
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Name examples of assisted reproduction
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AI, ET, IVF, Cloning, FRozen Ark, Cryopreservation
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What is the best method for elephant reproduction?
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AI in elephants is best
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Benefits of Assisted Repro
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- Exchange of genetic material without having to move the animal
- Don't have to move the animal - Can overcome behavioral incompatiblitly, ie; clouded leopards often kill eachother during copulation - Overcome physical limitatinons, ie; you hurt male but get good genetics - Reduce the risk of disease transmission |
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Gamete Rescue
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Florida Panther, epididymas and testis taken to save gametes if hit by car, or if it is killed/dies in captivity can save
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"Frozen Zoo" Benefits to freezing sperm, embryos, blood, tissue, DNA, etc
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genetic diversity insurace - can contribule t opopulations while it will enver replace natural copulation or habitat conservation
- Can leave animal in wild and still have sperm - Protects against animal loss - Extends generation interval - Reduce animals held in captivity - Really good resource for research - Future insurance for future breedings - flexible |
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Goals in vet care preventative medicine
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- Prevent disease from entering captive population
- Maintain healthy population, already in collection - Prevent diseases from spreading |
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Quarentine
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- Animal comes into zoo, held seperate from collection until we know it is free from disease
- Needs to be housed seperately, -- has sep keeper, food, kitchen equipment, very labor intensive |
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How long are animals in quarentine?
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30 days except primates, 90 days for primates because of tuberculosis (very long incubation)
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How are large animals quarentined
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May be put in empty elephant pen, and have another empty one between new elephant and the collection elephants
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Routine Health care for aniamsl
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Keepers must take notes, weigh animals
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Vaccinations
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Rabies - any animal housed outside needs rabies, killed faccine safter than live
Primates get same vaccines as humans --> polio, tetanus, measle, flu, TB test |
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Pest control
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ectoparasite - tick, lice, flea
endoparasite - heart worm, lung worm, protozoan --> can detect in feces but can take half a yr to a year to detect --> worms more prevelant in dirt |
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Preventative health concerns
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STRESS!
Physical Trauma Poison plants Sanitization/best control Personnel Health |
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MedArch
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contains all mediccal records on all zoo animals on the computer
any info gained on medical physiology and anatomy goes in there |
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Facilities and health
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Need special runs in the back where animals can go and you don't actually need to touch or more them to do procedures
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