• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/124

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

124 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Par acute C.M.
FATAL

- Quick, happens soon after capture

- Animal may look relaxed but if it becomes quickly excited - dies right there, systemic acidosis

- MOST SEVERE form happens the fastest, dumps a ton of K products into blood (musc necrosis)

- May see abnormal heart rhythms, but that is only if you are looking for it.
Acute C.M.
Almost the same as para cute but takes longer.

- Fatal, but takes 24-48 hours to complete

- Lingering type of death, animal = "ataxic" - can't walk because so much extensive muscle necrosis

- most indicative symptom = "dropped haunches" - so much damage the muscles burst, so they stand lop sided.

- Symptoms include elevated heart rate, no urination, rapid breathing --> may be able to early detect

Major problem here: alteration in bodily pH
Sub Acute C.M.
- To a lesser extent = systemic acidosis

- A lot of muscle damage leads to kidney damage --> brown/red urine due to muscle degredation product in pee

- Can still walk, but wobbly

- renal failure = cause of death

- 3 to 4 days average until renal failure
Chronic C.M.
Animal may survive several months

- Acidosis still present but much, much reduced. Real problem = muscle necrosis

- Muscles get weak, release LA and contribute to necrose and several months later animal dies of a heart attack.

- Might be able to take blood sample test acid, but this creates a handling situation.
Treatment of Capture Myopathy
PREVENTION IS THE ONLY TREATMENT!!!

- Minimize stress, fear, & overheating
Supportive measures to prevent C.M. (no scientific evidence that they actually work)
- Cooled IV fluids
- Add sodium bicarbonate to blood, buffer to keep acid low

- Can give vit E and selenium to hoofstock to keep muscle damage low

- Antibiotics

- Corticosteroids - prevent inflammation

-
Procedural things vets can do to prevent CM
- Procedures planned early in morning, or at the coolest time of day

- Have a plan of action, know exactly what you are doing - minimize stress and fear

- Have all equipment ready to go and MOVE QUICKLY

- Everyone should be trained ahead of time and each person should know their duty

- Reversal Agent for anesthetic on hand if difficult restraint procedures happen

- Blind folds and hoods, dark, decrease visual stimulation

- People know how to deal with accidents

- Monitor animal during procedure so if something goes wrong do something fast
Procedural things vets can do to prevent CM
- Procedures planned early in morning, or at the coolest time of day

- Have a plan of action, know exactly what you are doing - minimize stress and fear

- Have all equipment ready to go and MOVE QUICKLY

- Everyone should be trained ahead of time and each person should know their duty

- Reversal Agent for anesthetic on hand if difficult restraint procedures happen

- Blind folds and hoods, dark, decrease visual stimulation

- People know how to deal with accidents

- Monitor animal during procedure so if something goes wrong do something fast
Four Goals of Enrichment
1. Conservation
2. Education
3. Research
4. Entertainment
Four Goals of Enrichment
1. Conservation
2. Education
3. Research
4. Entertainment
Enrichment for educational purposes
Usually in immersion exhibit DO NOT want animal performing stereotypies here. Otherwise, very negative view... visitors lose the real message of the exhibit.

- Use a naturalistic environment.
- No computerized games, balls
- Can hide or make them search for food
- Try and disguise toy to make look naturalistic if food does not work.
Enrichment for educational purposes
Usually in immersion exhibit DO NOT want animal performing stereotypies here. Otherwise, very negative view... visitors lose the real message of the exhibit.

- Use a naturalistic environment.
- No computerized games, balls
- Can hide or make them search for food
- Try and disguise toy to make look naturalistic if food does not work.
Enrichment for conservational purposes
enrichment is imporant for reproductive health

The form does not really matter in this case, we just want to make the animal happy enough so they can reproduce

reintroduction goals = use positive stressors like food foraging activities
Enrichment for conservational purposes
enrichment is imporant for reproductive health

The form does not really matter in this case, we just want to make the animal happy enough so they can reproduce

reintroduction goals = use positive stressors like food foraging activities
Enrichment for research purposes
Form not important because most research is done behind the scenes
Enrichment for research purposes
Form not important because most research is done behind the scenes
Enrichment for Entertainment & Recreation
- Show and ride animals
- During time animal away from social nature, trainer needs to make a substitute for the time they are away from friends and allowing them to do behaviors during a break (ex: elephants and a sand bath)

- Make a variation of times they work so animal does not get used to just one time period.
Number 1 priority in adding enrichments - the physical environment
- The older physical environment - the older, less complex, and less naturalistic the exhibit, the more attention it needs
Number 2 priority in adding enrichments - The Social Environment
Conspecifics - sometimes have to break up social groups and have to isolate an animal who is normally social, however you can still keep that animal within smell, sight or hearing range = positive
Species typical requirements for enrichment
- Larger cognitive ability = more enrichment
- If they have a large home range

- General vs. specific niche - ie; kaybara poops in water so you need to provide that.... prairie dogs burrow... etc
Individual Variations for enrichment
- Wild > Captive Bred. Wild needs more enrichment

- Economic realities = more expensive, but you hopefully make tons of money back because more people will want to see the exhibit

- Better repro
- Healthier animals = lower vet bills
- Better image and PR
Legal Requirements for Enrichment
AZA & TAG - taxon advisory group, give husbandry manuals which give guidelines

US animal welfare act
Foregut fermenter
comes BEFORE acid and enzyme digestion

rumination = recycling of material to mouth for further mastication, "chewing cud"
Examples of Foregut Fermenters
camelids, hippos, kangaroos, colobus, monkeys, sloths
Herbivore
PLANT, FIBER, FERMENTATION

- Use anaerobic microbes to digest

- Herbivores 100% dependant on microbes to digest food, health of microbes = VERY important
Hind Gut fermentation
Cecotrophic

Enlarged cecum, where fermentation takes place, AFTER stomach and small intestine, before large intestine

Usually need higher digestible vegetation - more greens
colonic fermentator
(type 2 of hind gut fermentator)
Fermentation takes place in the colon, these animals eat VERY high fiber

stomach --> small intestine --> cecum --> large intestine --> colon
2 types of colonic fermentator
1) Browsers = duikers, bongos
"concentrate selectors"
eat more rapidly fermentable stuff

2) Grazers - Wildebeast, oryx
"Bulk and roughage" feeders
high fiber, longer fermentation
Domestic animal model for foregut fermentators
Cattle, sheep, goat
Dom animal model for hindgut
horse
colonic fermentator
(type 2 of hind gut fermentator)
Fermentation takes place in the colon, these animals eat VERY high fiber

stomach --> small intestine --> cecum --> large intestine --> colon
Cecotrophic fermentator
(type 1 of hind gut fermentator)
rabbit, enlarged cecum where ferm takes place after stom, sm intestine, before large intestine

usually need higher digestible vegetation = more greens
2 types of colonic fermentator
1) Browsers = duikers, bongos
"concentrate selectors"
eat more rapidly fermentable stuff

2) Grazers - Wildebeast, oryx
"Bulk and roughage" feeders
high fiber, longer fermentation
Domestic animal model for foregut fermentators
Cattle, sheep, goat
Dom animal model for hindgut
horse
What do herbivores eat in captivity?
HAY

- Majority of diet
- Main source of fiber
- Keeps animal busy for a long time -- chew
2 Types of hay
1) Grass - Timothy
-->variability in mineral content

2) Legume - Alfalfa/clover
--> Higher in protein
Pelleted Feed
- Compensates for any hay nutrition deficiencies
- Events out nutrient varibaility - "All encompasssing"
Browse
- Supplemental Forage
- Expensive, hard to get
- example: leaves, branches, flowers, fruits on branches
- Most zoos around here grow their own browse in spring and summer then have to import from elsewhere
- Short storage period
Problems With Browse
Secondary compounds within them - plants have natural protection that can be toxic, can cause stomach upset
--> If it may avoid the plant naturally in the wild this does not necessarily mean that it will avoid it in the zoo, may eat bc it is bored.
Produce
Some nutritionalists say it should not be used -- controversial

- Low in fiber, for herbivores this is negative
- High in sugar, is produce appropriate??

--- give veggies instead?
Carnivores
1. Diverse Dentition
2. Simple GI Tract
Pinnipeds teeth [seal]
small, sharp teeth, BIG K9's to rip flesh
Insectivores
Cusp tooth, a grinding surface
What does a Simple GI tract mean?
- no compartmentalization
- very short small and large intestine
- no or small cecum
2 Types of Carnivore
1) Strict Carnivore - Cat
--> Eat only animal prey

2) Faculative Carnivore - Dog
--> Eat mostly animal prey, but eat some other stuff too
--> Not dependant on such a high protein diet
What are carnivores fed?

**What is important to remember when feeding meat to animals in captivity?
Meat and meat based things
- Tubes of fresh meat
- Animals eat muscle, bone, and viscera in wild, so it is important to remember this and not just feed muscle meat in captivity
- Need to move away from horse meat - slaughter banned in US
Problems with feeding strictly muscle meat

Not so much anymore but back in the day
1. Bone issues - severe bone disease, Ca:P imbalance, not enough minerals

2. Neurological issues

3. Vit A Deficiency, vit A found in most organ meats
Other issues we do see today in zoos
**oral disease
Oral Disease- canned food, no tearing or chewing, plaque build up, can get gingivitis, mouth absesses, can get ceptis from some of the teeth diseases that can lead to heart disease, kidney disease, and bone disease

solution -> throw in bones, dry kibble... however, must give twice a week for it to be really effective. Must be consistant to cut down on plaque and tar build up

Can feed prey like chicks, rabbits, mice, rats, most of the time these are fed frozen and not fresh due to PR reason but they get the entire animal so it is a supplement to normal diet ** sometimes you get a spoiled animal however that decides that sometimes they only want chicks
Other issues that are in zoos today

**Picivores
Seasonal and variable, you are never really sure what you are going to get with fish, toxic compounds, just like hay

The way it is handled, stored, froze, can really determine its value

Need to make sure to feed a variety of species, protects you from the variability

Fish become rancid very quickly, when fish is getting old it uses a lot of it's vitamin E to reduce its randicity, must supplement the fish with vitamin E

Also need to supplement thymin because a lot of the fish species have a lot of thyaminase enzymes because when they die a lot of the thyamin is broken down
Insectivore Diet
Crickets, grasshoppers, mealworms

Feed canned meat based diet, supplement with insects, so you are sure they get all nutrients

most insects are high on P not enough Ca so load crickets with Ca, then feed them to compensate
DIETARY ISSUES in carnivores
Animals in Wild diet pattern
Animals in wild will hunt once a week and then not eat everyday, in captivity cats eat at least once a day. Not a lot of data on this but would it be beneficial to fast the cats in the zoo? Or keep them thin? Help natural behavior?
DIETARY issues in carnivores**
Polar Bear Issues
Vitamin A overload

Since the polar bear is at the top of the food chain, they eat seals, and the seals eat the fish so they have a humongo vit A overload. TONS of liver in vit A... way we found this out people would hunt polar bears and die from vit A overload

How much vit A to giv in captivity? Most in zoo have dermatitis issues, skin problems, hair loss -- think this may be related to vitamin A, try to treat it with really SUPER high levels
DIETARY ISSUES IN CARNIVORES

Giant & Red Panda
- Taxonomically canivore, yet eat bamboo
- Herbiverous carnivores
- Looks like carnovore, GI tract, no place for this bamboo to be fermented
- Why do they eat it?? Check poop, don't seem to use it, some zoos use gruel and biscuits instead to supplement
Omnivore
Dietary Breadth**
Eat really broad plant and animal origin
- Relatively digestable diet

Complexity of tract in between herbivore (complex) and carnivore (simple)
Omnivore Types
Granivore
Seeds
Omnivore Types
nectavore
nector
Omnivore Types
gumnivore
gum from tree
Omnivore Types
frugivore
Fruit
Description of omnivore digestive tract

What do you feed?
simple stomach, intermediate length of intestine, some development of colon and cecum for fermentation
--> some do have bigger colon

Have to be sure you feed EVERYTHING nutrients, vitamins, minerals, carbs, balanced diet
Copraphagy

omnivores
Eating feces

A lot of omnivores cannot absorb AA from intestine as it goes through first time as it takes place in cecum or colon, so they come out in feces so animal eats it again
What are omnivores usually fed in zoos?
Fed a premixed diet, pelleted, biscuit, kibble - easy to get, store, and change

Meat not reccommended
Behavioral stimulation for omnivores
Since they eat a lot, need to vary it up a lot in captivity

Manufactured feed dried and caned, need to supplement
WHY IS DIVERSITY IMPORTANT IN FEEDING?!
1. Stimulates natural behavior

2. Reduction of stereotypies/compulsive behavior

3. Improvement in exhibit quality

4. Reduces dependence on just a couple of food items
**DO NOT UNDERMIND NUTRITION**

--> What does this mean?
Include EVERYTHING in diet plan, this includes treats and supplements!

So an animal does not become dependant on any one food try to feed pelleted diet in morning (when they are most hungry) and treats and supplements later to ensure they get the proper nutrition
What kinds of treats are appropriate?
Insects - protein and fat
Seeds and nuts
Low sugar, high fiber cereal
Popcorn, unsalted and unbuttered
Herbivore pellets - scattered, use as passive enrichment
N.A.G.
Nutritional Advisory Group
Recommends a feeding strategy
1. Provide a nutrtionally balanced diet

2. Stimulate natural feeding behaviors

3. Does all of the above plus is economical and practical.
Steps to create a diet for a species
1. BG- see if SSP available
- any info about natural diet?
- herb, carn, omni?
- other institutions where this animal is?

2. Diet evaluation
- Calculations
- find a model?

3. Diet Implantation
- Give precise instruction to keeper to feed animal daily

4. Updating the diet - what is the animal actually eating out of the food you supply it? Need to change and adjust this over time.

Need to consider other things like, age, lactation/gestation period, age, amount consumed, what type was consumed
---> need to update based upon these things
What the food should be used for
1. USE FOOD FOR BEHAVIOR ENRICHMENT - all must be calculated within diet, don't feed on top of the planned diet

2. COMMERCIAL NUTRITIONALLY COMPLETE FEEDS
--> guarentee nutrients, can deal with variability of supplements

3. NO PUBLIC FEEDING
- draws in a crowd, however, if you decide to ignore this rule you must include everything the crowd feeds into the planned diet

4. FOOD USE RECORDS
What animals eat/doesn't eat
What was added/removed
MALES
Testosterone/Androgens
--> what do they do?
Fuels specific behaviors as well as sex behavior, aggression, protection, etc.
Testes Decent
IS VARIABLE*
- mammals are the only species with exterior testis
No decent of testis
Elephants, sloths, sea cows
Testis migration to caudal abdominal cavity
armadillo, whale, dolphin
Testis that are just past the abdominal wall
hedgehog, mole, seals
Sub Anal Swelling Testis
pig, rodent, carni's
Fully descended testis
primate, hoofstock, marsupial
Os Penis
"Bony Penis"
Bone inside penis allows urethra not to collapse during ejaculation
Penile Spines
Cats, mustelids
Provide stimulation during copulation, induced ovulators use this
Female Anatomy
--> hynena example
uterus, cervix & vagina
F completely indistinguishable from male, looks like she has a penis and testis
Types of ovulators
1) Spontaneous
2) Induced --> need stimulation,
stimulation by copulation in felids, sometimes obvulate on own and other times need mechanical spines

Camel, chemical in male ejaculate induces the F LH surge
**Both need LH to ovulate
Sperm Storage
Primates
3 days
Sperm Storage
Llama, Horse, Camel
5 Days
Sperm Storage
Marsupials
2 weeks
Sperm Storage
Rodends
3 weeks
Sperm Storage
Bats
200 days

Mate with in fall, female ovulates eggs in spring and then they are fertilized
Embryonic Diapause/Delayed Implantation
Bears, Mustelids

Embryo fertilized, but then waits for optimal period of time to implant
Induced CL
Rodents - no regression, P4 supports pregnancy phase, then goes straight back into follicular
Pseudopregnancy
Induced ovulators and CL, sterile mating
- canids undergo spontaneous pseudopregnancy
Sperm Storage
Bats
200 days

Mate with in fall, female ovulates eggs in spring and then they are fertilized
Male Fertility
Motility %
progressive motility

morphology
Embryonic Diapause/Delayed Implantation
Bears, Mustelids

Embryo fertilized, but then waits for optimal period of time to implant
Induced CL
Rodents - no regression, P4 supports pregnancy phase, then goes straight back into follicular
Pseudopregnancy
Induced ovulators and CL, sterile mating
- canids undergo spontaneous pseudopregnancy
Male Fertility
Motility %
progressive motility

morphology
Male Fertility
Functional Assays (2)
Cervical Mucus - can it swim through it?

Sperm penetration assay - SPA
heterologous egg- golden hampster usually use

Take off ZP, any species sperm an fertilize, however then we lose attachment situation

Can see if it can capacitate, go through acrosomal rxn, penetrate the zona and egg mem, fuse with oocyte
How do you control males hormonally??? (with a pill, injection)
Give them testosterone toshut down FSH and LH

- Downside, they would need an implant or injection daily

- Side effects may be they may now have hyper agression issues, hyper sexuality, hyper masculisaiton
How can you non-permanently surgically alter males as a contraceptive
Occlusion of vas dfrans so there is no sperm in ejaculate, 2 ways:

vas clip, and vas plug

Problems, each need to be species specific, one you remove clip there are now sperm anti bodies becuase there was no sperm in the body for so long, when remove (vas clip) there is ton of scar tissue, vas plug may be an answer to this
Most common female contraceptive

- biggest problem?
- time?
Melengestrol Acetate

MGA
- synthetic progestin
- as an implant placed in b/w shoulder blades so animal does not pick at it
- Lasts for about 2 years
- LOSS is the biggest issue, animal can groom it out, it can fall out

- How can we tell its there???
-XRay, put implant with chip

- Should not be used longer than 4 yrs, each implant lasts 2 years

- Have a hard time with fat animals because the hormone gets sucked into the adipose tissue and it is slowly released
What species is MGA used in?
Carnivores, hoofstock, giraffe, hippo
MGA in feed
Which animals does this work? not work?
ungulate & herd animals, put in feed, however some subordinates may not get enough feed

- NOT effective in suids need to give in such high doses = side effect
MGA as liquid
You yourself can mix it into foox, need it daily
train hippos and spray directly
giraffes
2nd most common contraceptive in femaeles
Depo Provera

- Injectable, synthetic progesterone
- Used for old world monkeys, pinnipends, and cetaceans
- Works well for seasonal breeders, only inject during that season
- Giraffes and hippos hard to inject need anesthesia
- Not sure how long it actually lasts
- Some old world f's causes them to stat looking and acting like males
Norplant
Synthetic progesterone "matchstick" inserted under skin, more match sticks = longer time
- Typically anesthetic procedure
--> orang, great apes
Regumate
Synthetic Prgestin
- Top dress food, liquid
- Works well in suids, pinnipeads, and cetaceans
-Equid use mostly to manage male aggression
- Need to use daily
- Wears off quickly
Birth control pills
combo of E2 and P4
- Great apes, mandrills, monkey, felid
- chimps are really good at hiding pill, need to be sure they swallow it
GnRH antagonist and agonist
Lupron & Deslorin, agonist

- Downregulation, effects as sterilization
- Works well in carnivores when MGA does not work
---> felid and canids
- old word monkey
-pinniped and cetacean

- DOESNT work ungulate and marsupial

Given as injection acan last 6-12 mo
- Need initial stimulation in order to down regulate, so need aditional form of BC during this time, can ovulate.
- Does change sex specific behavior and characteristic
- Be careful with display species
How do you decide which method of BC to use?
1. Sterilization - if appropriate, do it, only 1 anesthetic episode and done
--> older, health issues, animal is over represented genetically, an animal with a heritable disease, a hybrid, all good options -- this way they can still be in their social grouping but dont have to worry about them reproducing.
If you seperate M & F sexes, how do you know which sex to use contraception with
- If it is a solitary animal the choice is obvious to seperate them
- If it is a social herd, and seasonal breeders then only seperate M's and F's during the breeding season
- seperate F and M herds in a social group. this is appropriate for ugulates
- In a monogomous pair grouping it doesn't matter which one to contracept
For multiple sexes, really need to consider all choices... list considerations
1. Ease of administration

- INjection, pill, anesthesia, vas plug, how easy is it to administer in species?

2. Duration of contraception

3. Failure - if there is an unintended pregnancy, what are the consequences of that?

4. Can you tell if contraception is in place?

5. Behavior consideration
--> sex specific behaviors, are these important to display? What about loss of sex characteristics?
Name examples of assisted reproduction
AI, ET, IVF, Cloning, FRozen Ark, Cryopreservation
What is the best method for elephant reproduction?
AI in elephants is best
Benefits of Assisted Repro
- Exchange of genetic material without having to move the animal

- Don't have to move the animal

- Can overcome behavioral incompatiblitly, ie; clouded leopards often kill eachother during copulation

- Overcome physical limitatinons, ie; you hurt male but get good genetics

- Reduce the risk of disease transmission
Gamete Rescue
Florida Panther, epididymas and testis taken to save gametes if hit by car, or if it is killed/dies in captivity can save
"Frozen Zoo" Benefits to freezing sperm, embryos, blood, tissue, DNA, etc
genetic diversity insurace - can contribule t opopulations while it will enver replace natural copulation or habitat conservation

- Can leave animal in wild and still have sperm

- Protects against animal loss

- Extends generation interval

- Reduce animals held in captivity

- Really good resource for research

- Future insurance for future breedings - flexible
Goals in vet care preventative medicine
- Prevent disease from entering captive population

- Maintain healthy population, already in collection

- Prevent diseases from spreading
Quarentine
- Animal comes into zoo, held seperate from collection until we know it is free from disease
- Needs to be housed seperately, -- has sep keeper, food, kitchen equipment, very labor intensive
How long are animals in quarentine?
30 days except primates, 90 days for primates because of tuberculosis (very long incubation)
How are large animals quarentined
May be put in empty elephant pen, and have another empty one between new elephant and the collection elephants
Routine Health care for aniamsl
Keepers must take notes, weigh animals
Vaccinations
Rabies - any animal housed outside needs rabies, killed faccine safter than live

Primates get same vaccines as humans --> polio, tetanus, measle, flu, TB test
Pest control
ectoparasite - tick, lice, flea

endoparasite - heart worm, lung worm, protozoan
--> can detect in feces but can take half a yr to a year to detect
--> worms more prevelant in dirt
Preventative health concerns
STRESS!

Physical Trauma

Poison plants

Sanitization/best control

Personnel Health
MedArch
contains all mediccal records on all zoo animals on the computer

any info gained on medical physiology and anatomy goes in there
Facilities and health
Need special runs in the back where animals can go and you don't actually need to touch or more them to do procedures