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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
adaptation
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long term changes in animals in response to their environment that are genetically based
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acclimatization
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adaptation of an animal to environmental factors over a period of days and weeks (example- increase red blood cells in high altitude)
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conduction
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exchange of heat from hot to cold between touching objects
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convection
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flow of heat from warm to cold through air or water
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critical temperature
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lower critical temperature- temp. below which animal must make physiological adjustments to maintain body temp..
upper critical temperature- above which, animal tries to adjust to cool its body |
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effective temperature
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the total heating or cooling power of the environment. ambient temperature is affected by wind, humidity, and solar radiation
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evaporation
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loss of heat through vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and skin
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homeotherm
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animals that maintain a relatively constant body temperature regardless of external temperatures
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body temperature of horses
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100 deg F
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body temperature of cattle
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101.5 deg F
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body temperature of sheep
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102.3 deg F
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body temperature of goats
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102.3 deg F
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body temperature of swine
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102.5 deg F
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body temperature of chickens
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107.1 deg F
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radiation
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exchange of heat between 2 objects that are not touching. could result in loss or gain of heat
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thermoneutral zone
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range of temperatures where heat loss and heat production are about the same. animal is in comfort zone- no physiological response to temperature
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4 factors affecting critical temperature
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haircoat, subcutaneous fat, nutrition level, is the animal wet or dry
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hormone produced by the thyroid gland that stimulated metabolic activity, generating heat during cold stress
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thyroxine
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hormone produced by the adrenal gland increased during cold and heat stress
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corticoids
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in the US, the ________ months are typically more limiting to livestock production because most farm animals are not well adapted to dissipating heat. brahman cattle are notable exceptions
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summer
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cheapest and simplest method of reducing heat stress due to solar radiation. when properly done, will reduce radiant heat gain by up to 50%
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shade
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shades are oriented _____________ because of the sun's path going east to west
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north to south
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one of the most effective ways to control heat stress, particularly in swine. sprinklers, foggers, and wallows are most effective. used in many poultry houses
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evaporative cooling
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refrigerated air conditioning is _____________
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prohibitive in terms of cost
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__________ (blowing air onto the head) has been effective in sows in farrowing houses who have shown an increase in milk production
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zone cooling
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water intake during heavy heat stress increases _______
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50-100%
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ewes begin to cycle when the days get ________. horses begin to cycle when the days get _______
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(ewes) shorter. (horses) longer
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day length is also associated with _________ and _______ in cattle and horses
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hair growth and shedding
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the highest incidences of colic cases occur in the _________
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winter months
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what happens in colic?
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energy intake is increased, activity is decreased. stalls are not well ventilated and stalls are not dry
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