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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
adaptation
long term changes in animals in response to their environment that are genetically based
acclimatization
adaptation of an animal to environmental factors over a period of days and weeks (example- increase red blood cells in high altitude)
conduction
exchange of heat from hot to cold between touching objects
convection
flow of heat from warm to cold through air or water
critical temperature
lower critical temperature- temp. below which animal must make physiological adjustments to maintain body temp..
upper critical temperature- above which, animal tries to adjust to cool its body
effective temperature
the total heating or cooling power of the environment. ambient temperature is affected by wind, humidity, and solar radiation
evaporation
loss of heat through vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and skin
homeotherm
animals that maintain a relatively constant body temperature regardless of external temperatures
body temperature of horses
100 deg F
body temperature of cattle
101.5 deg F
body temperature of sheep
102.3 deg F
body temperature of goats
102.3 deg F
body temperature of swine
102.5 deg F
body temperature of chickens
107.1 deg F
radiation
exchange of heat between 2 objects that are not touching. could result in loss or gain of heat
thermoneutral zone
range of temperatures where heat loss and heat production are about the same. animal is in comfort zone- no physiological response to temperature
4 factors affecting critical temperature
haircoat, subcutaneous fat, nutrition level, is the animal wet or dry
hormone produced by the thyroid gland that stimulated metabolic activity, generating heat during cold stress
thyroxine
hormone produced by the adrenal gland increased during cold and heat stress
corticoids
in the US, the ________ months are typically more limiting to livestock production because most farm animals are not well adapted to dissipating heat. brahman cattle are notable exceptions
summer
cheapest and simplest method of reducing heat stress due to solar radiation. when properly done, will reduce radiant heat gain by up to 50%
shade
shades are oriented _____________ because of the sun's path going east to west
north to south
one of the most effective ways to control heat stress, particularly in swine. sprinklers, foggers, and wallows are most effective. used in many poultry houses
evaporative cooling
refrigerated air conditioning is _____________
prohibitive in terms of cost
__________ (blowing air onto the head) has been effective in sows in farrowing houses who have shown an increase in milk production
zone cooling
water intake during heavy heat stress increases _______
50-100%
ewes begin to cycle when the days get ________. horses begin to cycle when the days get _______
(ewes) shorter. (horses) longer
day length is also associated with _________ and _______ in cattle and horses
hair growth and shedding
the highest incidences of colic cases occur in the _________
winter months
what happens in colic?
energy intake is increased, activity is decreased. stalls are not well ventilated and stalls are not dry