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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Alpha 1 do?
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Contracts or stimulates the major receptors in blood vessels?
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Where are Alpha 1 receptors located?
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Vascular arterioles
sphincters (bladder) GIT iris: dilation |
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A1 agonists?
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Norepinephrine
Epinephrine Dopamine |
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A1 antagonists?
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Phenxybenzene
Phentolamine Prazosin |
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Alpha 2 receptors do what are where are they located?
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Relaxation. Located in the GIT (presynaptic)
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A2 agonists?
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Clonidine
Epinephrine Xylazine |
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A2 reversal agents (aka antagonits)?
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Yohimbine
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What do Beta 1 receptors do?
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Contraction, stimulation of:
HEART salivary glands fat cells |
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Agonists of B1?
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NE
Isopreteronol Dobutamine EPI |
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Beta 1 reversal agents?
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Beta Blockers
Propanolol Metoprolol |
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Beta 2 functions and location?
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Major relaxation...
Bronchioles Arterioles of skeletal mm, brain, lungs Urinary bladder wall GIT |
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B2 agonists?
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EPI
Isoproteronol Albuterol |
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B2 antagonists?
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Beta blockers
propranolol |
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When given ACE to a boxer, hypotension was induced & the boxer collapsed..should you use EPI to reverse the effects?
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NO! B/c EPI is non-selective. Treat the boxer with phenylephrine & IV fluid.
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Tranquilization, Ataraxia, Neurolepsis?
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State of tranquility and calmness in which
the patient is: -Relaxed -Reluctant to move -Awake -Unconcerned with its surrounding -Indifferent to minor pain -Sufficient stimulation will arouse the patient |
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Sedation?
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CNS depression in which the patient is:
-Awake but calm - Reduced mental activity -Sleepness -Slight analgesia |
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Tranqs & Seds on this exam?
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-Phenothiazines
-Butyrophenones -Benzodiazepines -Alpha-adrenergic agonists |
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Name the Phenothiazines:
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*Acepromazine
. Promazine . Chlorpromazine . Triflupromazin . Proprionylpromazine . Methotrimeprizine . Promethazine |
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Trade names for ACE?
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PlegicilR , NotensilR, Atravet
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What animals is ACE approved for?
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Dogs, cats, & horses.
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What routes can ACE be given?
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Oral, IV, IM, SQ
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Is ACE water soluble?
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YES.
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What is the MAXIMUM amount of ACE that can be given IV...EVER?
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3 mg! DO NOT EVER FORGET. If you OD the animal on ACE...do not use EPI to revive, use phenylepi & IV fluid.
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Dosage for dog and cat?
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0.05-0.2 mg/kg IV, IM, SC
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Oral dosage for dog and cat?
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0.55-2.2 mg/kg
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Dosage for horse and route?
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0.01- 0.04 mg/kg IV
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MOA of ACE?
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-CNS depression through antidopaminergic action and suppression of sympathetic nervous system in CNS
-Antiemetic effect by inhibiting dopamine interaction in chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla |
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Pharmacological effect of ACE?
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*Calming
*increases threshold to external stimuli -Antiemetic -Antiarrhythmic -Antihistaminic |
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Clinical uses of ACE?
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*Preansthetic
-Aid in animal restraint (vicious animal) *prevent motion sickness |
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Use of ACE in the horse?
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-Antispasmotic in horse
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Use of ACE in the pig?
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Prevent motion sickness
-Prevent malignant hyperthermia in pig exposed to halothane |
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Negative effects of ACE?
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*Hypotention due to blocking α1 receptor in peripheral blood vessels
*Hypothermia *Inhibit platelets aggregation Lower seizer threshold with animals with epilepsy ( contraindicated in animal with head injury and epilepsy) -Bradycardia and hypotension in Boxer dogs |
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Undesired ACE effects in horses?
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Excessive doses cause involuntary
musculoskeletal effect hallocination in horse -Low hematocrit (PCV) in horse |
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Should you use ACE in an animal with liver disease or that is older?
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No b/c it doesn't metabolize as easily, normal half life is 4-8 hours...will last much longer.
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Would you wnat to use ACE in a breeding stallion?
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NO. Because it causes erection. If you do give it on accident reverse the effect with Benztropine.
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Name the Butyrophenones:
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-Azaperone
-Droperidol |
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Pharm RXN of butyrophenones?
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Tranquilization, reduce motor activity, antiemetic
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Why use Azaperone?
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-Not marketed in USA
-Used to treated halothane induced hypothermia in pigs -Used to suppress aggressiveness when mixing and regrouping pigs |
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Tell me about Droperidol:
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*used in combination with Fentanyl(Innovar-Vet )
*No longer marketed |
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Name the Benzodiazepines?
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Diazepam (Valium)R
Midazolam Zolazepam |
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MOA of Benzodiazepines?
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-Enhancing the activity of GABA and glycine
-Opening of chloride channels -Combining to BZ1 and BZ2 in CNS |
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What do the Benzodiazepines do?
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-Central muscle relaxant
-Anticovulsant (increase seizure threshold) -Mild calming |
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Clinical uses of Benzodiazepines?
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-Muscle relaxant with general anesthetics e.g. Barbiturates, Propofol
-Epileptic seizure -Stimulate appetite in cats |
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How would you give Diazepam to a patient?
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IV or oral b/c IM is painful.
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What is the equation for Telazole?
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Zolazepam + Tiletamin = Telazole
**both at 250 mg |
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Benzodiazapine side effects?
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-Ataxia, particularly in large animal species
-Paradoxic increase in anxiety leading to aggression in cats -Possible CNS depression in neonates -Bradycardia and hypotension can occur if administered rapidly IV |
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Reversal for Benzodiazapine?
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Flumazenil
****0.01-0.1 mg/kg IV |
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Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
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Xylazine
Detomidine Medetomidine Romifidine Detomidine ( Dormosedan ) Medetomidine ( Domitor ) Romifidine |
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Trade name for Romifidine?
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Sedivet
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Trade name for Medetomidine?
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Domitor
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Trade name for Detomidine?
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Dormosedan
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Trade name for Xylazine?
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Rompun
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MOA for Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
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-Produce CNS depression by stimulating both presynaptic and postsynaptic α2 receptor in CNS and peripherally
*This causes a decrease in the level of Norepinephrine |
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What is the most efficient Alpha 2 adreno receptor agonist?
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Medetomidine is more efficient than xylazine
for sedation and analgesia |
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Actiono f Alpha 2 adreno receptor agonists?
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-Sedation
-Analgesia, the effect is additive or synergistic with other analgesic drug e.g. opioids -Sleeplike state more than phenothiazines -Central muscle relaxation |
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Is Xylazine usuable with other drugs?
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Yes. Can be used alone or in combination with ketamine, opioids, barbiturates and inhalation anesthetics
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How does Xylazine in combo with other drugs work?
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Reduce the required dose for other drugs
up to 80% reduction in the dose of barbiturates up to 50% reduction of inhalation anesthetics |
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What routes should you administer Xylazine?
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-Administered IV and IM
-SC route is not recommended (may cause inflammation in horses and cattle) |
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How long does Xylazine work for?
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-Duration of action 20-40 minutes
-Premature delivery in cattle (oxytocin like action) this effect is not noticed in dogs, cats, and mares |
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In which animals can I use Medatomidine?
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-Approved for use in dogs only
but is used for other species e.g. cats, horses and exotic animals |
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What is the dosing on Dormitor?
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-10 μg/kg of medetomidine+0.2 mg/kg butorphanol can be given IV or IM for analgesia (ear flush, change bandage or x-ray procedure)
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Can you use Dormitor in SX?
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Yes. -If extensive surgery is needed, medetomidine should be combined with thiopental, propofol, or isoflurane
-Duration of action 45-90 minutes after IV |
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What animals do vets use Detomidine in?
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Used in horses and cattle
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What do you know about Romifidine?
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-Newest alpha-2 agonist
-Used in horses -Used with other analgesics and anesthetics |
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Clinical uses for Alpha 2 Adrenreceptor agonists?
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-With other analgesics for minor surgery
-Regional analgesia after epidural or subarachnoidal administration -Preanesthetic with ketamine |
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Adverse effects of Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
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-Sinus bradycardia, first- or second-degree
block -Xylazine may transiently increase cardiac sensitivity to catacholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in dogs -Decrease cardiac output ,increase peripheral vascular resistant -Bloat in large breed dogs and colic in horses |
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More adverse RXNs with alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
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-Pale mucous membrane (vasoconstriction)
-Respiratory depression -Ataxia -Vomiting in dogs and cats -Suppress insulin release -Oxytocin-like action in ruminants |
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Alpha 2 reversals for Khazal?
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-Yohimbine IV
-Tolazoline IV -Atipamizole |
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What is the reversal details for Medetomidine?
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Atipamizole for medetomidine given IM
( 5 time the dose od medetomidine |
