Ans Physiology, Neurotransmitters And Receptors

Front 1

Alpha-1 agonist effects

Back 1

smooth muscle contraction,
uterine vasoconstriction

Front 2

Alpha-2 agonist effects

Back 2

neurotransmitter inhibition,
hypotension, anaesthesia

Front 3

Beta-1 agonist effects

Back 3

increased heart rate & force
(chronotropy/inotropy)

Front 4

Beta-2 agonist effects

Back 4

bronchodilation & vasodilation

Front 5

Beta Blocker (general)

Back 5

decreases heart rate & force
decreases BP

(mild bronchoconstriction from B2)

Front 6

Beta-1 blocker/antagonist effects

Back 6

decreases heart rate & force
decreases BP

(no B-2 bronchoconstriction)

Front 7

Name the 3 visceral effectors controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Back 7

(1) smooth muscle
(2) cardiac muscle
(3) glands

Front 8

Where are adrenergic receptors located?

Back 8

on "visceral effectors" (organs and glands) that are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

Front 9

True or False
Adrenergic receptors are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 9

False.
Adrenergic receptors are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 10

What is the main difference in classification between alpha and beta receptors?

Back 10

Alpha responds better to norepinephrine

Beta responds to epi and norepi equally

Front 11

True or False.
Acetylcholine is a catecholamine.

Back 11

False.
Acetylcholine is a cholinergic agent.
Epi, Norepi and Dopamine are catecholamines.

Front 12

What does "cholinergic" mean?

Back 12

"related to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine"

Front 13

What does "adrenergic" mean?

Back 13

"adrenalin-like"

Front 14

Name the three most abundant adrenergic agents (catecholamines).

Back 14

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Front 15

True or false.
Acetylcholine stimulates adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 15

False.
Adrenergic receptors respond to catecholamines (epi and norepi).

Front 16

True or false.
Acetylcholine is released by pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Back 16

True.
Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons usually release catecholamines.
(norepi)

Front 17

True or false.
Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 17

True.

Front 18

parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurotransmitter(s)

Back 18

acetylcholine

Front 19

parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter(s)

Back 19

acetylcholine

Front 20

sympathetic post-ganglionic neurotransmitter(s)

Back 20

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 21

sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurotransmitters(s)

Back 21

acetylecholine

Front 22

In the ANS, acetylcholine is the main player everywhere EXCEPT _____ganglionic ____pathetic neurons.

Back 22

post(ganglionic)

sym(pathetic)

Front 23

agent that mimicks the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 23

sympathomimetic

Front 24

agent that inhibits the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 24

sympatholytic

Front 25

What do adrenergic receptors and calcium channels have in common?

Back 25

both are transmembrane proteins that affect cell function

Front 26

chemical compound derived from amino acid tyrosine

Back 26

catecholamine

(catechol group + amine group)

Front 27

What amino acid is epi, norepi, and dopamine derived from?

Back 27

tyrosine

Front 28

What is tyrosine?

Back 28

an amino acid that form the basis for catecholamines
(epi, norepi, dopamine)

Front 29

Epinephrine is a ______ when made/released by neurons and a ______ when made/released by the adrenal gland.

Back 29

neurotransmitter

hormone

Front 30

commonly used building block in organic synthesis that is a component of adrenergic agents

Back 30

catechol

Front 31

nitrogen-based organic compound structurally resembling ammonia that is a component of adrenergic agents

Back 31

amine

Front 32

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors are transmembrane ______ imbedded in visceral cell membranes on the effector side of ______ and ______ synapses.

Back 32

proteins

neuromuscular
neuroglandular

Front 33

Sympathetic nerves are located from ______ to ______.

Back 33

T-1

L-2 or L-3

Front 34

Parasympathetic nerves are located at ______ and ______.

Back 34

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

S-2 thought S-4

Front 35

another term for the sympathetic division

Back 35

thoracolumbar division

Front 36

another term for the parasympathetic division

Back 36

craniosacral division

Front 37

Sympathetic responses tend to be ______.

(widespread/localized)

Back 37

widespread

Front 38

Parasympathetic responses tend to be ______.

(widespread/localized)

Back 38

localized

Front 39

In the ANS, preganglionic neurons are ______.

(myelinated/unmyelinated)

Back 39

myelinated

Front 40

In the ANS, postganglionic neurons are ______.

(myelinated/unmyelinated)

Back 40

unmyelinated

Front 41

Myelinated fibers are ______.

(white/gray)

Back 41

white

Front 42

Unmyelinated fibers are ______.

(white/gray)

Back 42

gray

Front 43

Sympathetic and parasympathetic are divisions of the ______ nervous system, which itself is a division of the _____ nervous system.

Back 43

autonomic

peripheral

Front 44

The centers in the brain that control the ANS are the ______ and the ______, which recieve input from ______ and other regions of the cerebrum.

Back 44

hypothalamus
medulla (oblongata)

the limbic system

Front 45

What are adrenergic receptors?

Back 45

They are G-protein cellular membrane receptors that are acted on by catecholamines.

Front 46

What are cholinergic receptors?

Back 46

They are cellular membrane protein receptors that are acted on by acetylcholine.(a.k.a. acetlycholine receptors)

Front 47

What is the difference between a cholinergic receptor and an acetylcholine receptor?

Back 47

Nothing.
They are one and the same.

Front 48

What is the difference between adrenergic and cholinergic?

Back 48

Adrenergic = "adrenalin-like"

Cholinergic = "acetylcholine-like"

Front 49

What is the difference between catecholamine and colinergic?

Back 49

catecholamine = adrenergic
(epi, norepi, dopamine)

colinergic = acetylcholine

Front 50

Histamines and catecholamines are both ______.

Back 50

monoamines

Front 51

What is a histaminergic receptor?

Back 51

G-protein coupled receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter histamine.

Front 52

What is histamine?

Back 52

Histamine is an monoamine released by the CNS as a neurotransmitter and by mast cells as immunologic agent.

Front 53

What is a "G-protein coupled receptor?"

Back 53

It is a large protein transmembrane receptor that senses molecules outside the cell and activate a response inside the cell.

Front 54

What does the suffix "-ergic" mean?

Back 54

"resembling, releasing, or activated by"

(Greek "ergon" - work)

Front 55

A substance that mimics a neurotransmitter or hormone and binds to the same receptor is a(n) ______.

Back 55

agonist

Front 56

A substance that competes with a neurotransmitter or hormone for the same receptor is a(n) ______.

Back 56

antagonist

Front 57

a powerful central nervous system opioid receptor competitive antagonist

Back 57

naloxone

Front 58

What is an opioid receptor?

Back 58

It is a G-protein coupled receptor in the cell membrane that responds to opioids.

Front 59

True or false:
The terms adrenergic and catecolamine mean essentially the same thing.

Back 59

True.
Both refer to epi, norepi, and dopamine.

Front 60

True or false:
The terms adrenergic and cholenergic mean essentially the same thing.

Back 60

False.

adrenergic = epi, norepi, dopamine

cholenergic = acetylcholine

Front 61

What is ACh?

Back 61

acetylcholine

Front 62

What neurotransmitter(s) do cholinergic neurons release?

Back 62

acetylcholine

Front 63

Name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse.

Back 63

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Front 64

What neurotransmitter(s) do adrenergic neurons release?

Back 64

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Front 65

What is NE?

Back 65

norepinephrine

Front 66

Most sympathetic post-ganglionic axons are ______.

(cholinergic/adrenergic)

Back 66

adrenergic

Front 67

Most sympathetic post-ganglionic axons secrete ______.

(epinephrine/norepinephrine)

Back 67

norepinephrine

Front 68

Acetylcholine is to parasympathetic postganglionic axons as ______ is to sympathetic postganglionic axons.

Back 68

norepinephrine

Front 69

Based on their neurotransmitters, autonomic neurons are classified as either ______ or ______.

Back 69

adrenergic

cholinergic

Front 70

Cholinergic neurons include the following: (1,2,3)

Back 70

(1) all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

(2) all parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

(3) a few sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

Front 71

Release of ACh from cholinergic vesicles is via _____.

Back 71

exocytosis

Front 72

Synapses are essential for ______ because they allow signals to be integrated and filtered, with some ______ and others ______.

Back 72

homeostasis

transmitted
blocked

Front 73

______ neurons release noradrenalin and adrenalin.

Back 73

adrenergic

Front 74

Norepi that diffuses across a synapse may cause depolarization (or ______) of the post synaptic cell.

Back 74

excitation

Front 75

Norepi that diffuses across a synapse may cause hyperpolarization or ______ of the post synaptic cell.

Back 75

inhibition

Front 76

Why is hyperpolarization inhibitive?

Back 76

A hyperpolarized cell is further from the depolarization threshold and harder to depolarize, therefore it is inhibited.

Front 77

Hyperpolarization is ______.
(excitative/inhibitive)

Back 77

inhibitive

(hyperpolarity moves cell further from threshold)

Front 78

NE and epi secreted by the ______ into the blood stream ______ the action of NE liberated from sympathetic post-ganglionic axons.

Back 78

adrenal medulla

intensify

Front 79

The effects of sympathetic stimulation are ______ and ______ than the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

Back 79

longer lasting

more widespread

Front 80

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ______ and ______.

Back 80

nicotinic

muscarinic

Front 81

Nicotinic receptors are found on ______ and ______ postganglionic neurons.

Back 81

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Front 82

Nicotine mimicks the action of ACh on ______ receptors.

Back 82

nicotinic

Front 83

A nicotinic receptor is a ______ receptor.

(cholinergic/adrenergic)

Back 83

cholinergic

Front 84

A nicotinic receptor is activated by ______.

(ACh/Norepi)

Back 84

ACh

Front 85

True or false:
Nicotine can stimulate nicotinic receptors.

Back 85

True

Front 86

What is muscarine?

Back 86

mushroom poison

Front 87

True or false:
Muscarine can stimulate muscarinic receptors.

Back 87

True.

Front 88

True or false:
ACh has no effect on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

Back 88

False.
Both are ACh receptors.

Front 89

Muscarinic receptors are present on all effectors (muscles and glands) innervated by ______ postganglionic axons.

Back 89

parasympathetic

Front 90

The two types of receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are ______ and ______.

Back 90

alpha

beta

Front 91

What receptors are present on all effectors (muscles and glands) innervated by the parasympathetic system?

Back 91

muscarinic receptors

Front 92

A(n)______ receptor receives sympathetic stimulation.
A(n) ______ receptor receives parasympathetic stimulation.

Back 92

adrenergic

cholenergic

Front 93

Alpha and beta receptors are found on ______ visceral effectors innervated by sympathetic postganglionic axons.

(all/most)

Back 93

most

Front 94

_____ and _____ are adrenergic receptors;
_____ and _____ are cholinergic receptors.

Back 94

alpha (and) beta

nicotinic (and) muscarinic

Front 95

Cholinergic receptors are activated by ______.

Back 95

acetylcholine

Front 96

True or false:
Activation of nicotinic receptors may cause either excitation or inhibition.

Back 96

False.
Nicotinic receptors always cause excitation.

Front 97

True or false:
Activation of muscarinic receptors may cause either excitation or inhibition.

Back 97

True.
With muscarinic receptors, the response depends on the innervated cell.

Front 98

What effect does the binding of ACh on muscarinic receptors have on cardiac muscles?

Back 98

relaxation

Front 99

True or false:
The effects of norepi and epi are always excitatory.

Back 99

False.
It depends on the post synaptic receptor and the effector's response.

Front 100

True or False:
In general, alpha receptors are excitatory.

Back 100

True. In general.

Front 101

True or false:
In general, beta receptors are excitatory.

Back 101

False.
Some are excitatory while others are inhibitory.
(eg: increased contractility and smooth muscle relaxation)

Front 102

True or false:
Most cells contain either alpha or beta receptors, but not both.

Back 102

True.
Most are either/or, but some do contain both.

Front 103

True or false:
Epinephrine stimulates alpha and beta receptors equally.

Back 103

True

Front 104

True or False:
NE stimulates alpha and beta receptors equally.

Back 104

False.
NE stimulates alpha receptors more vigorously than beta receptors.

Front 105

another term for parasympatholytic

Back 105

anticholinergic

Front 106

another term for sympatholytic

Back 106

adrenergic antagonist

Front 107

another term for adrenergic antagonist

Back 107

sympatholytic

Front 108

another term for anticholinergic

Back 108

parasympatholytic

Front 109

another term for an adrenergic agent

Back 109

sympatholitic

Front 110

another term for a cholinergic agent

Back 110

parasympathomimetic

Front 111

ACLS drug that is a competetive antagonist of the muscarinic receptors (blocks ACh and vagal tone)

Back 111

atropine

Front 112

ACLS drug that is a parasympatholytic used to treat bradycardia

Back 112

atropine

Front 113

True or false:
A parasympatholytic drug interacts with alpha and beta receptors.

Back 113

False:
Alpha and Beta are sympathetic receptors.

Front 114

True or false:
The adrenal medulla is essentially a modified sympathetic ganglion that, upon ANS stimulation, releases epi and NE into the bloodstream rather than into a synapse.

Back 114

True.

Front 115

True or false:
Anticolinergic and antiadrenergics have the same general effect.

Back 115

False.
They are opposites.
Anticholinergic speeds things up.
Antiadrenergic slows things down.

Front 116

True or false:
In a word, the sympathetic division speeds things up while the parasympathetic division slows things down.

Back 116

In a word, True.

Front 117

The acronym for parasympathetic response.

Back 117

"SLUD"

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urnation
Defecation

Front 118

The memory aid for sympathetic-inducing scenarios.

Back 118

"E situations"

Emergency
Exercise
Embarrassment

Front 119

Which ANS division is responsible for "fight-or-flight" when activated.

Back 119

sympathetic

Front 120

Describe the eight effects of fight or flight:

Back 120

(1) Pupils dilate (to see)
(2) HR & BP increase (power up)
(3) Optional circulation shunted (skin/viscera)
(4) Essentials enhanced (skeletal/cardiac)
(5) Bronchodilation (aeration/oxygenation)
(6) Liver glycogen up (sugar/energy)
(7) Adrenal gland on (prolong effect)
(8) Non-essentials off (digestion slows/stops)

Front 121

The parasympathetic division is the so-called "energy ______-______ system."

Back 121

conservation-restorative

Front 122

The sympathetic division is the so-called "______-or-______ response" system.

Back 122

fight-or-flight

Front 123

A ______ adjusts the activity of a visceral effector.

Back 123

visceral autonomic reflex