Ans Final

Front 1

what are the three most basic systems of the animal's body?

Back 1

structural, coordinating, and visceral

Front 2

median plane

Back 2

imaginary plane passing throught he body that divides it into two equal halves

Front 3

sagittal

Back 3

plane that is parallel to the median plane

Front 4

trnsverse plane

Back 4

plane that is at a right angle to the median plane

Front 5

horizontal

Back 5

plane at a right angle to both median and transverse plane (divides body into dorsal and ventral)

Front 6

medial

Back 6

close to the median plane

Front 7

lateral

Back 7

away from median plane

Front 8

dorsal

Back 8

toward the vertebral column

Front 9

ventral

Back 9

away from vertebral column

Front 10

proximal

Back 10

closer to a body part

Front 11

distal

Back 11

away from a body part

Front 12

prone

Back 12

dorsal part of body is uppermost (face-down)

Front 13

supine

Back 13

ventral aspect of body is uppermost (belly-up)

Front 14

cranial cavity contains

Back 14

brain

Front 15

thoracic cavity contains

Back 15

heart and lungs

Front 16

abdominal cavity contains

Back 16

stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder

Front 17

pelvic cavity contains

Back 17

urinary bladder, uterus

Front 18

body membranes

Back 18

mucous/cutaneous, serous, synovial

Front 19

abduction

Back 19

movement away from the midline

Front 20

adduction

Back 20

movement toward the midline

Front 21

extension

Back 21

straight a joint, increase angle

Front 22

flexion

Back 22

bend at a joint, reduce the angle

Front 23

pronation

Back 23

turning towards a prone position

Front 24

supination

Back 24

turning towards a supine position

Front 25

what are cells composed of?

Back 25

cell membrane, cytoplasmic organelles, nucleus

Front 26

structure of cell membrane

Back 26

outer cell membrane: plasma membrane + phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

Front 27

function of cell membrane

Back 27

contact/adhesion: desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

transport: diffusion - distribution of a substance in a solven such that it gets equally concentrated

osmosis: movement of water across membranes, aquaporins

Front 28

soidum potassium ATPase pump

Back 28

outside of cell = high Na
inside of cell = high K

Na-K ATPase moves Na to the outside (against concentration gradient) and K into the cell (against its concentration gradient)

Front 29

tissues in animal's body

Back 29

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Front 30

types of epithelial tissue + places found

Back 30

simple + stratified

squamous + cuboidal + columnar

Front 31

various types of muscle tissues

Back 31

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

force, movement, excitable

Front 32

what is connective tissue?

Back 32

serves to connect other tissues, gives form and strength to organs

Front 33

nervous tissue description, cells and their properties

Back 33

excitable, electrical, chemical

glial cells support

Front 34

components of the skeletal system

Back 34

bones, cartilage, joints, teeth

Front 35

functions of skeletal system

Back 35

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

Front 36

composition of bone

Back 36

30% organic matter (collagen)

45% inorganic matter (calcium, phosphorus)

25% water

Front 37

internal structure of bone

Back 37

compact bone (hard layer, covers most bones, forms shaft of lone bones, bone cells + blood vessels)

cancellous spongy bone (ends of long bones, porous network, small open spaces with marrow)

medullary cavity (space surrounded by cortex of long bone, red + yellow marrow)

Front 38

classifications of bone

Back 38

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Front 39

various bony features

Back 39

head, condyle, process, spine, fossa, foramen

Front 40

two types of skeletal systems

Back 40

axial and appendicular

Front 41

components of axial skeletal system

Back 41

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

Front 42

various types of vertebrae

Back 42

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

Front 43

appendicular skeletal system

Back 43

thoracic limbs, pelvic limbs, shoulder, pelvis

Front 44

bones that make up the forelimb

Back 44

scapula, humerus, radius/ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Front 45

bones that make up the hindlimb

Back 45

femur, tibia, fibia, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Front 46

bones that make up the pelvis

Back 46

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 47

why would a bone become soft/brittle?

Back 47

inorganic component removed by soaking in dilute acid

Front 48

various cellular components of bone tissue + their function

Back 48

OSTEOBLASTS: bone-forming cells, synthesize + secre collagen fibers, framework for calcium deposition

OSTEOCYTES: mature, nondividing osteoblast surrounded by matrix, lying within lacunae

OSTEOCLASTS: giant, multinucleate cells, actie erosin of minerals, mitochondria + lysosomes

Front 49

what is an osteonal system?

Back 49

compact bone consisting of primarily laminated tubes

Front 50

what is ossification? how is it different from calcification?

Back 50

formation of true bone by deposition of calcium salts in a matrix of osteoid tissue

CALCIFICATION is depositing calcium salts within tissues = bad

Front 51

two types of ossifications

Back 51

endochondral ossification: formation begins at the primary ossification center (long bones)

intramembranous ossification: flat bones, beings in the center of fibrous connective tissue membrane

Front 52

role of calcium in bone physiology

Back 52

parathyroid hormone: increases calcium by increaseing net release of calcium salts

calcitonin: reduce osteoclast activity, lowering calcium

Front 53

various pathologic conditions of bone

Back 53

fracture

Bone TB (myobacterium tuberculoisis)

Osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone/bone marrow)

Osteodystrophy

Rickets

Acondroplasia (dwarfism)

Front 54

what is a fracture?

Back 54

break in continuity of bone

Front 55

types of fractures

Back 55

simple, open

greenstick, complete (broken across), physeal (junction of epiphysis/diaphysis), comminuted (smaller pieces)

Front 56

how fractures heal

Back 56

upon apposition/immobilization

thrombus (clot) is invaded by granulation tissue (connective tissue cells)

osteoblassts divide rapidly producting a large callus (osteoid)

mineralization of callus

spontaneous deformity correction

Front 57

three types of muscle fibers

Back 57

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Front 58

functions of muscular system

Back 58

contraction/relaxation

mix/propel food, distribution of blood, diameter of pupil

locomotion, respiration

Front 59

skeletal muscle organization

Back 59

arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue

endomysuim: CT between individual muscle fiber
perimysium: sheath surrounding bundles of muscle fibers
epimysium: CT around an entire muscle

Front 60

how is nomenclature of muscule determined?

Back 60

physical characteristics, action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads/divisions, attachment sites

Front 61

muscle agonism/antagonism/synergism

Back 61

agonist: directly responsible for producting an action

antagonist: muscle that opposes an action

synergism: muscle that oppose undesired action of agonist

Front 62

muscles acting on head, shoulder joint, elbow joint, hip joint, stifle joint, hock joint

Back 62

orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, buccinator, masseter, orbicularis oris

brachiocephalic muscle, deltoid, intercostal muscles, pectoral muscle

triceps, biceps brachii, brachialis

biceps femoris, semitendinosis/membranosis, gastroceniums, soleus, gluteal

middle gluteal, superficial gluteal, semitendinosis/membranosois,biceps femoris, gastrocenemius, soleus

Front 63

what is an IM injection and how is the site chosen for it?

Back 63

method of drug administration

must be fairly large, easily accessible, sufficiently thick

Front 64

microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fiber

Back 64

outer cell membrane: scarolemma

inside of muscle fiber has elgonated protein strands called myofibrils

smooth ER fills clefts/space between myofibrils

sarcolemma forms tubular invaginations called t-tubules whcihi propagate action potential inside of cell

Front 65

sarcomere

Back 65

thin myofilaments (actin, 3000)

thick myofilaments (myosin, 1500) - golf-club shaped

Front 66

properties of skeletal muscle fiber

Back 66

excitation --> contraction --> relaxation

Front 67

what is a neuromuscular junction and what events occur there?

Back 67

ACh combines with nicotinic receptors or is metabolized by AChE

receptor binds two ACh molecules, opening a cation channel.

Front 68

physiology of skeletal muscle fiber contraction

Back 68

action potential is carried into transverse tubules

activation of sacroplasmic reticiulm causes reliease of calcium into cytoplasm

calcium binds to troponin and causes movement of tropomysosin

movement of tropomyosin allows binding sites of actin to be exposed

myosin then binds to actin, is charged and bends 90 degrees

movement pulls act towards center of sarcomere (Z lines)

after contraction, more ATP required to pump Ca back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 69

physiologic difference between skeletal/smooth muscle fiber

Back 69

smooth: involuntary, mostly single unit, central nucleus

Front 70

toxins that affect muscles and how

Back 70

teatnus: excitatory impulses aren't regulated

botulism: prevents vesciles containing ACh at the synapse from release

Front 71

functions of the urinary system

Back 71

removal of waste products from the blood

regulation of composition of blood

produce regulatory enzymes

Front 72

important anatomical parts of the urinary system

Back 72

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 73

anatomy of the kidney

Back 73

paired reddish-brown, bean-shaped organs

retroperitoneal

embedded in fat and tissue

right kidney more firmly attached than left, right is more cranial than left

Front 74

inter-species variations in kidneys

Back 74

heart-shaped in horses, lobed in ox

Front 75

kidney nephron

Back 75

functional unit of filtration

filters blood, excretes urine

types: cortical (excretory) and medullary (concentrate urine)

made of renal corpuscule, renal tubule

Front 76

renal corpuscle

Back 76

glomerulus (capillary tuft, high blood pressure, drives water and solutes out of blood) and bowman's capsule (collects fluids)

Front 77

renal tubule

Back 77

reabsorption

proximal tubule: h2o, salt, glucose, amino acids

loop of henle: descending is permeable to H2O, permeable to salt, ascending is impermeable to H2O and activtly keeps salt o ut

distal tubule: active transport to move ions against gradient, dependent on hormones

Front 78

anatomy of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Back 78

ureters: narrow muscular tube running caudally towards bladder

urine formed by nephrons leaves each kidney by hilus

urinary bladder: hollow, smooth muscle, transitional epithelium, micturition

urethra: tube which conveys urine caudally from bladder to outside of pelvic cavity

Front 79

what is a nerve impulse?

Back 79

nerves transmitting information

Front 80

how is a nerve impulse generated/conducted?

Back 80

continuous (non-myelinated axons): in this situation, wave of de and repolarization simply travels from one part of membrane to the next adjacent part

saltatory conduction (myelinated axons)

Front 81

synaptic transmission

Back 81

specialized junctions for information exhcange between neurons or neuron and another cell

Front 82

neurotransmitter

Back 82

amino acids, modified amino acids, polypeptides