Ans And Somatic Sensory System

Front 1

Structures of the body controlled by the ANS:

Back 1

Glands, cardiac and smooth muscle

Front 2

Parasympathetic Division

Back 2

Rest and Digest. Has calming effect on many body functions and assists in bodily maintenance.

Front 3

Sympathetic Division

Back 3

Fight or Flight. Prepares body for physical activity. Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc.

Front 4

Somatic Pathways

Back 4

1 neuron only - uses skeletal muscle as the effector.

Front 5

Autonomic Motor Pathways

Back 5

2 motor neurons - uses smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands as the effector.

Front 6

Enteric nervous system

Back 6

Nervous system of the digestive tract. Isolated. Composed of 100s of millions of neurons found in the walls of the digestive tract (no components found in CNS). Has its own reflex arcs.

Front 7

Norephinephrine receptors

Back 7

Alpha adrenergic receptor - binding is Excitatory. Beta adrenergic receptors - binding is Inhibitory.

Front 8

What two receptor types does ACh bind to?

Back 8

Nicotinic - excitatory. Muscarinic - excitatory or inhibitory.

Front 9

Nicotinic receptors

Back 9

ACh receptor. Occur on all neuronal cell bodies in the ANS ganglia and at neuromuscular junctions (skeletal muscle).

Front 10

Muscarinic receptors

Back 10

ACh receptor. Glands, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle cells that receive cholinergic innervation. Either excitatory or inhibitory.

Front 11

Dual innervation

Back 11

Most organs receive nerve input from BOTH parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, but not always equal.

Front 12

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic - Antagonistic

Back 12

Effects that oppose each other. Dual innervation of same effector cells: heart slowed down or speeded up. Innervation of different cells in same effector organ: Pupillary dilator muscle and constrictor pupillae change pupil size.

Front 13

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic - Cooperative

Back 13

Two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified effect (salivation). Parasympathetic NS increases salivary serous cell secretion. Sympathetic NS increases salivary mucous cell secretion.

Front 14

ANS Properties (3)

Back 14

Carries out actions automatically. Visceral motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Regulates unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis: BP, body temp., resp. airflow.

Front 15

Visceral Reflexes

Back 15

Unconscious, automatic responses to stimulation of glands, cardiac, or smooth muscle. Receptors detect internal stimuli. Afferent/sensory neurons connect to interneurons in the CNS. Efferent neurons carry motor signals to the effectors.

Front 16

Visceral Reflexes and ANS

Back 16

ANS is the efferent neuron of these reflex arcs. Glands, smooth, and cardiac muscle are the effectors. ANS modifies effector activity rather than turning it on or off.

Front 17

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic effects depend on?

Back 17

Neurotransmitters released. Receptors expressed by the target airflow, blood glucose levels, etc. (type of receptor)

Front 18

Somatic vs. Autonomic Pathways (pre- and post-synaptic...)

Back 18

ANS --> 2 neurons span the distance from CNS to effectors. Presynaptic neuronal cell body in CNS --preganglionic. Postsynaptic neuronal cell body in peripheral ganglion -- postganglionic.

Front 19

Sympathetic NS - origin

Back 19

Origin of preganglionic neurons in thoracolumbar --> gray matter of T1-L2. Produces a widespread effect on multiple organs.

Front 20

Parasympathetic NS - origin

Back 20

Origin of preganglionic neurons in craniosacral --> brainstem and S2-S4. Terminal ganglia are in target organs due to long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

Front 21

Sensory receptors

Back 21

Any structures specialized to detect a stimulus (simple nerve ending or complex sense organ)

Front 22

Classification of sensory receptors

Back 22

1. Modality (type): chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors. 2. Origin of stimuli. 3. Distribution: general (somesthetic) sense -- widely distributed. Special senses -- limited to head.

Front 23

Pain - part 1.

Back 23

Nociceptors make us conscious of tissue injuries: forces us to care for minor inuuries to prevent serious problems.

Front 24

Do olfactory receptors adapt quickly or slowly?

Back 24

Quickly. Due to synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulbs.

Front 25

In which part of the body are there no pain receptors?

Back 25

Found in all tissues except the brain.

Front 26

Somatic pain

Back 26

Arises from skin, muscles, and joints.

Front 27

Physiology of Hearing

Back 27

1. Eardrum vibrates. 2. Vibration of eardrum causes vibration of ossicles. 3. Vibration of ossicles causes vibration in inner ear structures. 4. Cochlear membrane vibrations cause activation of hair cells (hearing receptors). 5. Tympanic reflex protects cochlea by muscle contraction in response to loud noises.

Front 28

Visceral pain

Back 28

Arises from stretch, chemical irritants, or ischemia of viscera (death of tissues).