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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sound detection & balance |
inner ear |
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sound amplification |
middle ear |
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sound collection |
external ear |
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cochlea |
sound detection |
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external ear contains |
auricle/ external acoustic canal which collect sound vibrations and tympanic membrane which separates external ear from middle ear |
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middle ear contains |
three small bones in tympanic cavity and the auditory tube (eustachian tube) |
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ossicles |
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) |
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malleus is attached to the ______ and stapes is attached to the _____ |
tympanic membrane, oval window |
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two muscles in middle ear that protect it from loud sounds |
tensor tympani and stapedius |
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tensor tympani |
stiffens tympanic membrane by attaching to it and stopping it from vibrating too much |
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stapedius |
prevents stapes from moving too much against the oval window |
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what equalizes pressure within the middle ear |
the eustachian tube |
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inner ear is subdivided into the |
cochlea and the vestibular apparatus (vestibule and semicircular canals) |
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round window |
at end of cochlea and allows vibrations of fluid to go out |
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in the middle tube, resting on the basilar membrane is the organ of corti which has |
auditory receptor cells known as hair cells which project into the tectorial membrane. movement of the basilar membrane causes movement of the cilia and depolarization of the hair cells |
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pitch and loudness are detected by |
the hair cells based on how much and how often the hair cells move |
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loudness is |
amplitude measured in decibles |
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pitch is |
frequency measured in hertz and |
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the apex of basilar membrane |
is wide and floppy and is used to decode low frequency sounds. |
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the base of the basilar membrane |
is narrow and stiff and used to decode high frequency sounds |
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cells that connect to different parts of the basilar membrane that come together to form the auditory nerve are called |
spiral ganglion cells |
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auditory pathway |
1. synapse in cochlear nuclei in medulla 2. synapse in inferior colliculus 3. synapse in the thalamus 4. synapse in the auditory cortex of temporal lobe |
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otolith organs in the vestibular apparatus |
utricle and saccule |
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the saccule |
responds to vertical movement (elevation |
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utricle |
responds to tilting and horizontal movement (moving car) |
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semicircular canals detect |
rotation |
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parkinson's anosmia |
smell loss in parkinson's disease |
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gustatory receptors |
specialized epithelial cells, not neurons |
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what three cranial nerves detect taste |
CN 7 (facial), CN9 (glossopharyngeal, CN10 (vagus) |
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neuronal pathway of taste |
CN 7,9, 10 detect taste and send axons from tongue to synapse in medulla, axons from medulla synapse on thalamus, axons from thalamus synapse in primary gustatory cortex in parietal lobe |
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what type of receptors are olfactory receptors |
chemoreceptors |
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what is one example of a neuron that is regenerated and replaced throughout life |
olfactory neurons |
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olfactory epithelium includes |
olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons) and basal (stem) cells |
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neuronal pathway for olfaction |
olfactory nerves than olfactory bulb than olfactory tract which projects to the opposite olfactory bulb (smell localization), the thalamus (smell perception), and the limbic system (without thalamic relay) |
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three cranial nerves that control eye movement |
oculomotor (3), trochlear (4), abducens (6) |
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strabismus |
misalignment of the eyes (not lazy eye) Leads to loss of depth and motion perception in kids and diplopia (double vision) in adults |
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lacrimal gland |
produces tears |
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conjunctiva |
membrane that covers the inner surface of eyelids and the outer surface of the eye |
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conjunctivitis |
inflamed conjunctiva due to an infection in the blood vessels in the eye |
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three layers of the eye |
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina |
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fibrous tunic |
sclera (white of eye) and cornea (front part of the eye where the contact goes) |
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vascular tunic |
choroid, ciliiary body (conective fibers that attach to the lens to focus it), iris (colored part of eye, controls size of the pupil) |
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retina (neural tunic) |
pigmented layer and neural layer |
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cornea |
focuses the light, avascular, most common organ transplant because it is avascular so there is no chance of rejection, first place light hits so about 75% of the focusing power of light happens here |
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sclera |
white of eye, gives it it's shape |
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astigmatism |
misshaped cornea, resulting in blurry vision |
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iris |
colored part of eye, muscles that regulate pupil size |
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pupil dilation |
enlarge pupil in response to sympathetic nervous system |
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pupil constriction |
decrease diameter of pupil, controlled by parasympathetic nervous system (CN 3) |
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ciliary body |
muscle controls tension on lens to focus image
produces aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the cornea. it lacks a blood supply so this is the only way it gets nutrients |
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the lens is ___ for distant vision |
flattened |
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the lens is ____ for close vision |
bulged |
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ciliary muscles are _____ and suspensory ligaments are _____ for distant vision |
relaxed (ciliary), taut (suspensory) |
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ciliary muscles are _____ and suspensory ligaments are _____ for near vision |
contract (ciliary), relaxed (suspensory) |
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hyperopia |
"far sighted" can see far away. lense not round enough so wear convex lenses. globe too short |
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myopia |
near sighted. can only see near away. globe too long. lense not flat enough so wear concave lenses. higher chance of retinal detachment |
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presbyopia |
age-related decline in near and far focusing. pres means aging, opia means eyes
aging of the lens |
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cataracts |
people with brown eyes develop cataracts more quickly. this is because the iris sits right next to your lens and therefore more heat is transferred to the lens because light is attracted to dark colors
#1 cause of blindness worldwide
heat transfer from iris to the lens which makes it go from a transparent color to a cloudy color. |
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glaucoma |
accumulation of aqueous humor, increased intraocular pressure
#2 cause of blindness worldwide
basically hydrocephalus in the eye |
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floater |
harmless, breakdown products of vitreous humor |
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flasher |
a serious problem that often indicates retinal detachment |
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choroid |
vascular, greatest blood supply per area in body. has melanocytes that help to absorb light. black so it can absorb light. light is transferred to photoreceptors next to it. can develop melanoma especially in blue eyed people. |