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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Sound detection & balance

inner ear

sound amplification

middle ear

sound collection

external ear

cochlea

sound detection

external ear contains

auricle/ external acoustic canal which collect sound vibrations and tympanic membrane which separates external ear from middle ear

middle ear contains

three small bones in tympanic cavity and the auditory tube (eustachian tube)

ossicles

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

malleus is attached to the ______ and stapes is attached to the _____

tympanic membrane, oval window

two muscles in middle ear that protect it from loud sounds

tensor tympani and stapedius

tensor tympani

stiffens tympanic membrane by attaching to it and stopping it from vibrating too much

stapedius

prevents stapes from moving too much against the oval window

what equalizes pressure within the middle ear

the eustachian tube

inner ear is subdivided into the

cochlea and the vestibular apparatus (vestibule and semicircular canals)

round window

at end of cochlea and allows vibrations of fluid to go out

in the middle tube, resting on the basilar membrane is the organ of corti which has

auditory receptor cells known as hair cells which project into the tectorial membrane. movement of the basilar membrane causes movement of the cilia and depolarization of the hair cells

pitch and loudness are detected by

the hair cells based on how much and how often the hair cells move

loudness is

amplitude measured in decibles

pitch is

frequency measured in hertz and

the apex of basilar membrane

is wide and floppy and is used to decode low frequency sounds.

the base of the basilar membrane

is narrow and stiff and used to decode high frequency sounds

cells that connect to different parts of the basilar membrane that come together to form the auditory nerve are called

spiral ganglion cells

auditory pathway

1. synapse in cochlear nuclei in medulla


2. synapse in inferior colliculus


3. synapse in the thalamus


4. synapse in the auditory cortex of temporal lobe

otolith organs in the vestibular apparatus

utricle and saccule

the saccule

responds to vertical movement (elevation

utricle

responds to tilting and horizontal movement (moving car)

semicircular canals detect

rotation

parkinson's anosmia

smell loss in parkinson's disease

gustatory receptors

specialized epithelial cells, not neurons

what three cranial nerves detect taste

CN 7 (facial), CN9 (glossopharyngeal, CN10 (vagus)

neuronal pathway of taste

CN 7,9, 10 detect taste and send axons from tongue to synapse in medulla, axons from medulla synapse on thalamus, axons from thalamus synapse in primary gustatory cortex in parietal lobe

what type of receptors are olfactory receptors

chemoreceptors

what is one example of a neuron that is regenerated and replaced throughout life

olfactory neurons

olfactory epithelium includes

olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons) and basal (stem) cells

neuronal pathway for olfaction

olfactory nerves than olfactory bulb than olfactory tract which projects to the opposite olfactory bulb (smell localization), the thalamus (smell perception), and the limbic system (without thalamic relay)

three cranial nerves that control eye movement

oculomotor (3), trochlear (4), abducens (6)

strabismus

misalignment of the eyes (not lazy eye)


Leads to loss of depth and motion perception in kids and diplopia (double vision) in adults

lacrimal gland

produces tears

conjunctiva

membrane that covers the inner surface of eyelids and the outer surface of the eye

conjunctivitis

inflamed conjunctiva due to an infection in the blood vessels in the eye

three layers of the eye

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

fibrous tunic

sclera (white of eye) and cornea (front part of the eye where the contact goes)

vascular tunic

choroid, ciliiary body (conective fibers that attach to the lens to focus it), iris (colored part of eye, controls size of the pupil)

retina (neural tunic)

pigmented layer and neural layer

cornea

focuses the light, avascular, most common organ transplant because it is avascular so there is no chance of rejection, first place light hits so about 75% of the focusing power of light happens here

sclera

white of eye, gives it it's shape

astigmatism

misshaped cornea, resulting in blurry vision

iris

colored part of eye, muscles that regulate pupil size

pupil dilation

enlarge pupil in response to sympathetic nervous system

pupil constriction

decrease diameter of pupil, controlled by parasympathetic nervous system (CN 3)

ciliary body

muscle controls tension on lens to focus image



produces aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the cornea. it lacks a blood supply so this is the only way it gets nutrients

the lens is ___ for distant vision

flattened

the lens is ____ for close vision

bulged

ciliary muscles are _____ and suspensory ligaments are _____ for distant vision

relaxed (ciliary), taut (suspensory)

ciliary muscles are _____ and suspensory ligaments are _____ for near vision

contract (ciliary), relaxed (suspensory)

hyperopia

"far sighted" can see far away. lense not round enough so wear convex lenses. globe too short

myopia

near sighted. can only see near away. globe too long. lense not flat enough so wear concave lenses. higher chance of retinal detachment

presbyopia

age-related decline in near and far focusing. pres means aging, opia means eyes



aging of the lens

cataracts

people with brown eyes develop cataracts more quickly. this is because the iris sits right next to your lens and therefore more heat is transferred to the lens because light is attracted to dark colors




#1 cause of blindness worldwide



heat transfer from iris to the lens which makes it go from a transparent color to a cloudy color.

glaucoma

accumulation of aqueous humor, increased intraocular pressure



#2 cause of blindness worldwide



basically hydrocephalus in the eye

floater

harmless, breakdown products of vitreous humor

flasher

a serious problem that often indicates retinal detachment

choroid

vascular, greatest blood supply per area in body. has melanocytes that help to absorb light. black so it can absorb light. light is transferred to photoreceptors next to it. can develop melanoma especially in blue eyed people.