Anps 2 First Exam Part 2

Front 1

which blood vessel has more smooth muscle and more elastic fibers

Back 1

arteries

Front 2

as arteries and veins move away from the heart their diameter....

Back 2

gets smaller

Front 3

elastic arteries

Back 3

arteries closest to the heart where there are more elastic fibers in them. this is important because they are closest to the heart and therefore need to stretch and recoil

Front 4

muscular arteries

Back 4

middle level arteries that are at the level of the organ, before it becomes arterioles

Front 5

arterioles

Back 5

smooth muscle can contract which tremendously changes the amount of blood going through them so they can vasoconstrict or vasodilate. "resistance vessels" regulate blood flow

Front 6

capacitance veins

Back 6

veins have little muscle and few elastic fibers so they have decreased ability to stretch and contract. they often hold a lot of the circulating blood though so they are called capacitance vessels no matter what size the veins diameter is

Front 7

exchange vessels

Back 7

capillaries. only vessel where materials move through the vessel wall

Front 8

most of the blood at any time is in the

Back 8

veins

Front 9

redistribution of blood

Back 9

when you change how much blood is in the veins or heart or arteries or capillaries by doing things like exercising

Front 10

valves

Back 10

the tunica intima has expansions into the lumen so that blood can only move up towards the heart and can't go backwards and buildup in legs

Front 11

varicous veins

Back 11

when blood goes backwards even though there are valves and buildup. contracting muscles helps to force blood back upwards

Front 12

hemorrhoids

Back 12

varicose veins around the opening of the anus

Front 13

what nutrients are exchanged at the level of capillaries

Back 13

nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Front 14

capillaries are composed of

Back 14

only the endothelial lining which are supported by the basal lamina

Front 15

gas and small lipid soluble molecules (alcohol) exchange happens where in the capillaries

Back 15

the entire surface because they can move through the membranes and don't have to move through the gaps

Front 16

what gets exchanged at the gaps

Back 16

glucose,a mino acids, water

Front 17

pinocytosis

Back 17

take stuff from inside the blood to outside or the other way around.

Front 18

what are the three kinds of capillaries

Back 18

continuous capillaries, fensterated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries

Front 19

continuous capillaries

Back 19

lining is pretty much continuous on one solid sheath of endothelial cells. found in places where you want to minimize exchange between the inside and outside. only really small molecules and gases are exchanged. found particularly in the BBB

Front 20

fenestrated capillaries

Back 20

have pores in the capillaries that allow rapid exchange of water and larger solutes. found in areas required more exchange including: choroid plexus, endocrine organs, kidneys, intestinal tract

Front 21

sinusoidal capilarries

Back 21

leakiest capillary beds in the body. lots of wholes in the membrane. big plasma proteins can fit through these gaps. whole blood cells can fit through too. spleen has this because it takes rbc to get broken down. bone marrow has this so it can put newly made rbc back into the body. liver makes great big plasma proteins so it has this type of capillary. a few endocrine organs also have it.

also risk bacterial infection because it is so big so frequently put phagocytic cells to monitor this.

Front 22

sphincters

Back 22

contract muscles to reduce the amount of blood flow through capillaries.

Front 23

regulation of blood into the capillaries happen at the level of

Back 23

arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

Front 24

aorta

Back 24

the single biggest artery that leaves the left side of the heart

Front 25

parts of the aorta include

Back 25

the aortic arch (curved part with elastic arteries coming off of it), thoracic aorta (part of the aorta that is behind the heart), abdominal aorta(when the aorta projects below the heart.

Front 26

superior vena cava

Back 26

above the diaphragm. blood returns through this

Front 27

inferior vena cava

Back 27

below the diaphragm, blood returns through this

Front 28

what is the area called where the heart is

Back 28

the mediastinum

Front 29

the point of the heart is called the

Back 29

apex

Front 30

sac that encloses the heart is called the

Back 30

pericardial sac

Front 31

visceral paricardium

Back 31

pericardial sac that is closes tot he heart

Front 32

parietal pericardium

Back 32

the outerlayer of the pericardial sac

Front 33

pericardial effusion

Back 33

when fluid buildsup in the pericardial sac. can lead to infections or inflammation.

Front 34

pericarditis

Back 34

when there is an infection of the pericardial sac

Front 35

atrioventricular valves

Back 35

between the atrium and the ventricle on both sides

Front 36

auricle

Back 36

means ear. surround the atria

Front 37

coronary arteries

Back 37

coronary means heart arteries mean it's taking blood away. supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart wall. if something happens to this vessels, the heart walls die

Front 38

right coronary arteries

Back 38

supplies right atrium, right ventricle, dive into the wall of the heart, SA and AV nodes, posterior wall

Front 39

left coronary artery

Back 39

immediately splits into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery (also called LAD (Left anterior descending))

Front 40

LAD or anterior interventricular artery

Back 40

nicknamed the widow maker because it causes the most heart attacks, supplies both ventricles anteriorly

Front 41

circumflex artery

Back 41

left atrium, septum, posterior wall

Front 42

cardiac veins

Back 42

middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, coronary sinus. drain blood from the heart

Front 43

coronary sinus

Back 43

drain blood back into the right atrium. collects blood from the middle, small, and great cardiac vein

Front 44

three layers to the heart wall

Back 44

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Front 45

mycardium

Back 45

muscle layer and middle layer of the heart wall

Front 46

epicardium

Back 46

outer layer of heart wall, blood vessels travel through this layer with connective tissue

Front 47

which ventricle wall is the thickest

Back 47

left ventricle wall, this is because it has to push blood to brain and to the toes. the right side just has to pump blood to the lungs

Front 48

Tricuspid valve

Back 48

right atrioventricular valve

Front 49

bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

Back 49

left atrioventricular valve

Front 50

semilunar valve

Back 50

between ventricles and their exit pump

Front 51

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 51

leaving right ventricle

Front 52

aortic semilunar valve

Back 52

leaving left ventricle

Front 53

steps of blood flow

Back 53

enters the right atrium from the vena cava and goes through tricuspid to the right ventricle. goes through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk where it becomes the pulmonary artery. from the lungs it returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it is pushed out through the aortic valve into the systemic circuit

Front 54

mitral

Back 54

tricuspid valve

Front 55

threads in the av valve that anchors the valve to muscles in ventricle wall

Back 55

chordae tendineae

Front 56

muscles in ventricle wall that control AV valve

Back 56

papillary muscle

Front 57

what does the semilunar valve use to control blood flow

Back 57

it has three cups that are shaped like a half moon that are formed in one direction so if blood comes from the other direction it will push it out so that it will catch blood. for this reason, AV bloods are active and semilunar valves are passive

Front 58

aortic valve stenosis

Back 58

valves are damaged so they become stiff and don't open or close completely. can be caused by diseases or illnesses. Causes a heart murmur

Front 59

contractile cells

Back 59

cardiac muscles cells in the myocardium which when stimulated contract to push blood through the heart. make up 99% of cells in the myocardium

Front 60

pacemaker cells

Back 60

less than 1% of cells in the myocardium. specialized cardiac muscle cells that don't contract, but initiate and distribute the action potnetials that stimulate contraction. regulate the autorhythm which allows the heart to beat on its own. rhythm is adjustable though through the medulla's sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves which act on the pacemaker cells. generates its own electrical signals that tell the myocardium to contract

Front 61

the conducting system

Back 61

pacemaker cells and contractile cells

Front 62

SA node

Back 62

wall of right atrium. collection of pacemaker cells. Next to superior vena cava, sets the rate of heart contraction and begins atrial contraction, then passes signal to the AV node

Front 63

atrioventricular (AV) Node

Back 63

middle of all the chambers. between atria and ventricles. receives signal from SA node and slows impulse before passing it on to Bundle of His

Front 64

Bundle of His and bundle branches

Back 64

fibers carrying impulse down septum between right and left ventricles

Front 65

purkinje fibers

Back 65

distribute throughout myocardium, from base upward into ventricle walls

Front 66

both atria start to contract before

Back 66

the ventricles even get the signals. this is due to the delay between SA and AV nodes

Front 67

if your sa node didn't work, what would happen

Back 67

the ventricles would still work, and the bundles would keep the pacemaker in tact, but the atriums wouldn't work and it would be a lot slower

Front 68

bradychardia

Back 68

abnormally slow heart rate, lower than 60 bpm

Front 69

tachycardia

Back 69

abnormally fast heart rate, more than 100 bpm

Front 70

ectopic pacemaker

Back 70

wrong spot or external spot. a part of cells (normally in ventricle wall ) that decide to be pacemaker cells and beat out of turn with the rest of the heart. disruption of ventricular contractions. may not contract bottom-to-top so poor blood ejection.

Front 71

heart pacemaker device

Back 71

a device that regulates the electrical signaling of the heart. thread the wires of it through blood vessels into the walls where it is needed and generate electrical signals. on the other end of it is a computer system that they put under a layer of skin so they can have easy access to it.

Front 72

intercalated discs help to

Back 72

get the branched units to work together to contract as a unit

Front 73

what two types of cell-cell junctions are in intercalated discs

Back 73

desmosomes which physically tie the cells together and gap junctions which connect the cytoplasm.

Front 74

electrical coupling

Back 74

when ions flow directly from one cell to another so their electrical impulses can be in sync

Front 75

difference between action potential of pacemaker and cardiac muscle cells

Back 75

there is a resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cells and has a sustained depolarization called a plateau phase in cardiac muscle cell

Front 76

electrocardiogram

Back 76

ECG. recording of electrical events in the heart represetning all action potentials from all cardiac cells- conducting and contractile. since it is on the outside, we can't measure the activity of one particular cell, but the sum of all of the electrical cells at one time

Front 77

features of an ECG

Back 77

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

Front 78

P wave

Back 78

atria depolarizes

Front 79

T wave

Back 79

ventricles repolarize

Front 80

QRS complex

Back 80

ventricles depolarize

Front 81

P-R interval

Back 81

time from start of atrial depolarization to start of QRS complex. tells us how long it takes for a signal from the SA node to get to the wall of the ventricle

Front 82

Q-T interval

Back 82

time from ventrical depolarization to ventricular repolarization. tells us how long it takes for the initiation of an action potential in the ventricles till it contracts