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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Components of Caridovascular System |
1. pump (heart) 2. conducting system (blood vessels) 3. fluid medium (blood) |
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What materials are transported to and from cells via blood? |
1. oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. nutrients 3. hormones 4. immune system components (interlukes, prostaglandins, WBC) 5. waste products |
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5 Important functions of blood |
1. transport of dissolved substances 2. regulation of ph and ions (removing/binding of Hydrogens) 3. restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4. defense against pathogens (cause disease) and toxins 5. Stabilize body temperature |
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What are the 2 parts of whole blood? |
1. Plasma 2. Formed Elements |
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What is plasma? |
55% Fluid consisting of water, dissolved plasma proteins (amino acids, proteins), and other solutes (all element) |
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What are formed elements and what are the 3 types? |
45% *All cells and solids 1. RBC 2. WBC 3. Platelets |
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RBC |
red blood cells; AKA erythrocytes transport oxygen and CO2 |
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WBC |
White blood cells; aka leukocytes *5 different types - all fight infection and aide health of body *Part of the immune system |
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Platelets |
AKA thrombocytes *cell fragments involved in clotting |
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-Cyte |
mature cell |
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Hemopoiesis |
*process of producing formed elements *formed by myeloid and lymphoid stem cells (blood made in bone marrow) |
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Fractionation |
process of separating whole blood (into plasma and formed elements) for clinical analysis |
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What are the 4 general characteristics of blood? |
1. 38* C (100.4*F) >> body - 98.6 / blood - 100.4 2. high viscosity - thick (thicker than water) 3. slightly alkaline (basic) pH >> blood pH 7.4 4. Average of 5 liters of blood flowing at 1 time |
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Composition of Plasma |
55% of blood volume; 92% of plasma is water |
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3 Plasma Proteins |
1. Albumins 2. Globuline 3. Fibrinogen |
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Albumins |
Plasma protein 60% transport substances (fatty acids, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones) throughout the body |
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Globulins |
Plasma protein 35% Antibodies (AKA immunoglobulins) *transport globulins (small molecules): hormone binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins, lipoproteins (fat proteins), and steroid binding proteins |
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Fibrinogen |
Plasma Protein 4% molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin but not the end result. Precursor needed to help bind with something else to form clot *always free floating in plasma & converted to fibrin *needs THROMBIN to convert to fibrin |
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Serum |
*Liquid part of blood sample where dissolved fibrinogen has converted to fibrin |
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1% of plasma is made up of other plasma proteins |
*quantities of plasma proteins are changing *peptide hormones are present in circulating blood |
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Where do plasma proteins come from? |
more than 90% made in liver antibodies made by plasma cells peptide hormones made by endocrine organs |
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How much of formed elements is made up of RBC? |
99.9% |
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Hemoglobin |
Found in RBC; red pigment that gives whole blood its' color binds and transports oxygen into tissue and carbon dioxide transports respiratory gases range - 15 |
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Average RBC count |
5 million |
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RBC count |
number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood |
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Hematocrit |
packed cell volume (PCV) percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood range - 45 |
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Structure of RBCs |
small & highly specialized discs thin in middle; thicker at edge |
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3 Important Effects of RBC Shape |
1. high surface-to-volume ratio - quickly absorbs and releases oxygen -oxygen goes right out of blood into cells to mitochondria to make ATP and CO2 goes into lungs and exhaled out 2. Discs form stacks called rouleaux - smooth flow through narrow blood vessels 3. Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries *has to go slow b/c need most amount of time to get most oxygen |
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What is the life span of RBCs? Why? |
*120 days *have no nuclei, mitochondria (can't make energy), and ribosomes (can't make proteins) *no repair process and anaerobic metabolism (can only make 2 ATP and energy level very low) |
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Structure of Hemoglobin |
quaternary structure 4 globular protein subunts; each have one molecule of heme (each having 1 iron ion) |
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Hemoglobin : IRON IONS |
oxyhemoglobin - associate easily with oxygen (HbO2) (Oxygen binded to Hb) deoxyhemoglobin- dissociate easily from oxygen (when oxygren separates) |
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Fetal Hemoglobin |
*strong; found in embryos (conception - 2months) *takes oxygen from mother's hemoglobin |
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Function of Hemoglobin |
*carries oxygen *when Oxygen low - hemoglobin release oxygen, binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs which forms carbaminohemoglobin (CO2 binded to Hb) |
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How many RBCs wear out per day? |
1% of circulating RBCs (3 million per second) |
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How do RBC/hemoglobin recycle? |
Macrophages (large cells break down RBC) of liver, spleen, and bone marrow *monitor RBCs and engulf RBC before membranes rupture |
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3 components that hemoglobin is broken into by phagocytes |
1. globular proteins to amino acids 2. heme to biliverdin (needed by liver) 3. iron **the only 3 things we can get from Hb |
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Hemoglobinuria |
Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream |
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Hematuria |
blood in urine whole blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage |
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How does biliverdin breakdown? |
biliverdin (green) is converted into bilirubin (yellow) Bilirubin - excreted by liver (bile) |
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Jaundice |
caused by bilirubin buildup yellowing of skin liver malfunction; when bile backs up it backs up in the liver and goes to integumentary system (skin) |
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Iron Recycling |
Irom removed from heme leaving biliverdin *iron broken down to transport proteins (transferrin) and used as storage proteins (ferritin and hemosiderin) |
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Erythropoiesis |
RBC Production occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in aduls; stem cells mature to become RBCs RBC produced by bone marrow - majority of RBC recycled into: 1. protein - broken down to Amino acid & back to bone 2. heme - converted by liver into bile 3. iron - transported by way of transferrin back to bone marrow |
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Hemocytoblasts |
stem cells in myeloid tissue that divide and produce: 1. myeloid stem cells - become RBCs & some WBCs 2. lymphoid stem cells - become lymphocytes |
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Stages of RBC Maturation |
as cell matures color changes, nucleus gets small.. before RBC is formed nucleus is ejected |
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What does the building of RBC require? |
Amino acids iron vintamins B12, B6, and follic acid |
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Pernicious anemia |
anemia lacking B12 |
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Erythropoietin (EPO) |
hormone (AKA erythropoiesis stimulating hormone) comes from kidney when body has low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) slow process |
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hypoxia |
low oxygen in tissues |
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surface antigens |
surface marker/antibody - tells body or other cells to identify with self as it should or shouldn't be there normal cells ignored; foreign cells attacked cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system |
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Blood types |
genetically determined by presence/absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, Rh (or D) |
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What are the 4 basic blood types and what are their surface antigens |
1. A (sa - A) - antibodies b 2. B (sa - B) - antibodies - A 3. AB (sa - A or B) - antibodies not a or b 4. O (sa - neither A or B) - both a and b antibodies |
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Type O |
universal donor donate to any but only receive from Type O |
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Type AB |
universal recipient |
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Agglutinogens |
antigens on surface of RBCs; screened by immune system plasma antibodies attack and aggutinate (clump) foreign antibodies |
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What is the Rh factor? |
AKA D Antigen Can be either Rh Pos or Rh Neg only sensitized Rh Neg blood has anti Rh antibodies |
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Cross reactions in transfusions |
occurs if blood donor and recipient do not match AKA transfusion reaction *plasma antibody meets specific surface antigen *blood will agglutinate (clump) and hemolyze (burst) |
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WBCs |
AKA leukocytes Do not have hemoglobin Have nuclei and other organelles |
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WBC functions |
1. defend against pathogens 2. remove toxins and waste 3. attack abnormal cells |
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Where are WBC located? |
connective tissue proper and lymphatic system organs small numbers in blood (5000-10000 per microliter) |
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Four characteristics of circulating WBCs |
1. can migrate out of bloodstream 2. have amoeboid movement 3. attacted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis) 4. some are phagocytic (neutophils, eosinophils, monocytes) positive feedback - going to an area |
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5 types of WBCs |
1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils 4. monocytes - large phagocytes 5. lymphocytes - nucleus takes whole cell |
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Neutrophils |
AKA polymorphonuclear leukocytes 1st to attack bacteria largest WBC 50-70% of circulating WBC Pale cytoplasm granules with lysosomal enzymes and bactericides (H2O2) that destroy bacteria |
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What do neutrophils do? |
1st to attack bacteria; engulf and digest pathogens degranulation - remove granules from cytoplams and defensins attack pathogen membranes release prostaglandins (stimulate pain) and leukotrienes (stimulate inflammation) form pus |
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Eosinophils |
AKA Acidophils - look red; 2-4% circulating WBCS *attack large parasites, dilate vessels *excrete toxic compounds - nitric oxide & cytotoxic enzymes *sensitive to allergens *control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells |
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Basophils |
less than 1 % circulating WBC accumulate in damaged tissue release histamine - dilates blood vessels (cause fluid to come to tissue and get inflammed which lowers blood pressure) release heparin - prevents blood clotting b/c its a blood thinner |
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Monocytes |
Largest cell; enter peripheral tissue ad become macrophages that engulf large particles and pathogens 2-8% circulating WBC secrete substance that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured area (help build scar tissue) large & spherical |
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Lymphocytes |
20-30% circulating WBC larger than RBCs migrate in and out of blood; mostly in conn tissue and lymphoid organs *part of body's specific defense system -have own line that come from lymphoid organs 3 classes: 1. t cell 2. b cell 3. natural killer cells |
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T cells |
type of lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity attack foreign cells directly |
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B cells |
type of lymphocyte make antibodies by turning into plasma cells humoral immunity differentiate into plasma cells synthesize antibodies |
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells |
detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) |
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Leukopenia |
low WBC count |
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Leukocytosis |
high WBC count |
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Leukemia |
cancer extremely high WBC count |
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hemocytoblasts |
all blood cells originate from hemocytoblasts and produce progenitor cells called myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells |
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What do myeloid stem cells produce? |
all WBCs except lymphocytes |
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What is produced by lymphoid stem cells? |
lymphocytes (lymphopoiesis - production of lymphocytes) |
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Where do WBC develop? |
WBCs (except monocytes) develop in bone marrow. Monocytes develop in connective tissue |
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Monocytes |
develop in connective tissue and turn into macrophages in peripheral tissue |
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Colony Stimulating Factors |
*hormones that regulate blood cell populations 1. M-CSF 2. G-CSF 3. GM-CSF 4. Multi-CSF |
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M-CSF |
stimluates monocyte production |
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G-CSF |
stimulates production of granulocytes (grainy cells) - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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GM-CSF |
stimulates granulocytes and monocyte production |
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Multi-CSF |
acceslerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs everything but lymphocytes |
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Platelets |
thrombocytes (nucleated cells) cell fragments involved in human clotting system circulate for 9-12 days removed by spleen (reservoir for iron, blood, and WBC formation) - immune sys compromised if no spleen |
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Platelet count |
Range 350,000 |
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Thrombocytopenia |
abnormally low platelet count |
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thrombocytosis |
abnormally high platelet count |
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3 functions of platelets |
1. release clotting chemicals 2. temporarily patch damaged vessel walls 3. reduce size of a break in a vessel wall |
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thrombocytopoiesis |
making of platelets in the bone marrow |
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megakaryocytes |
giant cells in bone marrow manufacture platelets from cytoplasm |
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Hormonal controls of platelet production |
1. thrombopoietin 2. interleukin (actually produce platelets) 3. multi-csf hormones that control platelet production |
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hemostasis |
cessation (stop) of bleeding 3 phases: 1. vascular phase 2. platelet phase 3. coagulation phase - 2 things coming together 1&2 occur very close together |
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Vascular Phase |
starts with trauma *cut triggers a vascular spasm that last about 30 minutes (muscle contracts, gets smaller and smaller) 3 steps of vascular phase: 1. endothelial cells (lining of vessel) contract, expose basement membrane to bloodstream 2. Endo. cells release |
