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426 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is bone?
a living, dynamic tissue which responds to its environmnt
How does bone react to the amount of force applied?
by:
- increasing density & amount of roughening on bone
- decreasing density when force is reduced
What is deposition?
occurs when bone is injured or added strength is required
When does optimal deposition occur?
when healthy diet rich in proteins, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and several minerals
What is resorption?
digestion of bone marrow
How is resorption accomplished?
by osteoclasts
What are the functions of bone?
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- blood cell formation
- fat storage
How do bones provide support?
provide framework to support body and cradle soft organs
How do bones provide protection?
- skull protects brain
- vertebrae surround spinal cord
- rib cage protects vital organs of thorax
How do bones assist with movement?
skeletal muscle attach to bones by tendons and use them as levers to move the body
How do bones assist in mineral storage?
bones act as reservoir for minerals which are released into the blood stream as needed
What minerals are most common in bones?
- calcium
- phosphate
Where does blood cell formation occur?
occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones
What is the role of bones in fat storage?
fat is stored in bone cavities
What does the fat stored in bones represent?
stored energy for the body
What are the features between dense CT and bone?
- tough, but flexible
- avascular
- devoid of nerve fibres
- ground substance contains lots of the GAGs chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid
- collagen fibres
- up to 80% H2O
What can periochondrium for in damaged areas?
can form scar tissue
Why does the perichondrium form scar tissue in damaged areas?
because vascularized cartilage repairs badly
What occurs to cartilage with aging?
ossification
What are chondroblasts?
immature cartilage cells that actively for cartilage
What type of MR do chondroblasts have?
high MR
What are chondrocytes?
mature cartilage cells that maintain cartilage
What type of MR do chondrocytes have?
low MR
What are lacunae?
localized clusters of chondrocytes in cartilage
What are the types of cartilage?
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is most abundant?
hyaline
How does hyaline cartilage appear?
glassy blue-white
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
- firm support + pliability
- lots of fine collagen
- chondrocytes - only 1-10% of volume
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
- embryonic skeleton
- ends of long bones
- costal cartilages of ribs
- cartilages of nose
- trachea
- larynx
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
- supports & reinforces
- resilient cushioning
- resists compressive stress
What is contained in hyaline cartilage?
- articular cartilages
- costal cartilage
- respiratory cartilage
- nasal cartilage
What is articular cartilage?
cover ends of most bones at movable joints
What is costal cartilage?
connect ribs to sternum
What is respiratory cartilage?
form skeleton of larynx and reinforce respiratory passages
What is nasal cartilages?
support external nose
What is the difference between elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage?
elastic cartilage has more elastic fibres than hyaline
Where is elastic cartilage located?
external ear, epiglottis
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
maintains shape while giving flexibility
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
- rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers
- structural intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular CT
Where is fibrocartilage located?
- intervertebral discs
- pubic symphysis
- discs of knee joints
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
tensile strength with ability to absorb compressive shock
What gives bones hardness and strength?
calcium salts
What does the strength & hardness of bones do?
provide support & protection of softer tissues
What do bones provide?
cavities for fat storage & synthesis of blood cells
What is an osteoblast?
bone-forming cell
What is an osteocyte?
mature bone cell
What is an osteoclast?
large cell that resorbs or breaks down bone matrix
What are the bone types?
- compact
- spongy
What is compact bone?
dense, outer layer
What is spongy bone?
trabeculae (red marrow found in spongy bone)
What types of cells make up the linings of bones?
"blasts and clasts"
What are the types of linings in bones?
- periosteum
- endosteum
What is periosteum?
outer fibrous layer + inner osteogenic layer
What is the role of endosteum?
cover trabeculae of psongy bone & lines canals of compact bone
What is the role of shape in bones?
unique shape allows each bone to fulfill a particular need
What is the shape of the femur?
hollow cylindrical shape
What is the significance of the femur's shape?
provides maximum strength with minimum weight
What are the different classifications of bone shape?
- long
- flat
- short
- irregular
What are the two basic structures of bones?
- compact bone
- spongy bone
What is the role of compact bone?
provides external surface
What is spongy bone?
honeycomb of trabeculae
What are the characteristics of long bones?
- much longer than wide
- shaft + 2 ends
- mostly compact bone with marrow cavity
- spongy bone near joint ends
What is the shape of short bone?
roughly cube-shaped
What are the characteristics of short bone?
primarily spongy bone + thin outer layer of compact bone
What are examples of short bones?
- wrist
- ankle
- sesamoid bones
What are the characteristics of flat bones?
thin, flattened & sometimes curved
What are examples of flat bones?
- skull bones
- ribs
- breastbone
What type of shape do irregular bones have?
complicated shapes
What are the characteristics of irregular bones?
spongy bone + thin covering of compact bone
What are examples of irregular bones?
- leftovers
- vertebrae & hips
What are the element of the microscopic structure of bones?
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal lines
What is the diaphysis?
- tubular axis of a long bone / long axis of bone
- collar of compact bone surrounding marrow cavity
What is another name for marrow cavity?
medullary cavity
What does the medullary cavity contain?
yellow marrow or yellow bone marrow cavity
What is an epiphysis?
extremities of long bone
Why is the epiphysis expanded?
for articulation with other bones
What forms the outer layer of the epiphysis?
- compact bone
What is the interior of the epiphysis filled with?
spongy bone
What is the role of the epiphysis?
to provide thin layer of hyaline cartilage to cushion opposing bone ends during movement & absorb stress
Where is the epiphyseal line located?
between the diaphysis & each epiphysis
What is the epiphyseal line a remnant of?
epiphyseal plate
What do membranes cover in bone?
outer & inner surfaces of long bones
What do membranes of bones contain?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What are bone membranes also part of?
a delicate layer of CT
What is the structure of other bone types?
- compact bone outside
- spongy bone inside
- not cylindrical
- no shaft, marrow cavity, or epiphyses
- bone marrow between trabeculae
What is compact bone covered with?
periosteum
What is spongy bone lined with?
endosteum
What is the osteon (Haversian) system?
structural unit of compact bone
What is an osteon?
an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of bone
What is the best way to think of osteons?
- as tiny, weight-bearing pillars
- groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix
What is each matrix tube of the osteon called?
lamellar bone
What are the elements of the microscopic structure of spongy bone?
- trabeculae
- lamellae
- osteocytes
- canaliculi
How are trabeculae arranged in spongy bone?
along lines of stress
What is the role of trabeculae in spongy bone?
help bone resist stress
How thick is the trabeculae in spongy bone?
only a few cell layers thick
How are the lamellated osteocytes arranged in spongy bone?
irregularly
How are the lamellated osteocytes connected in spongy bones?
interconnected by canaliculi
Are osteons present in spongy bone?
no
How do nutrients diffuse through spongy bone?
through canaliculi from marrow spaces between the trabeculae to reach osteocytes
What are the types of ossification?
- intramembranous
- endochondral
How do bones develeop in intramembranous ossification?
develop from fibrous CT membrane containing mesenchymal cells
When does intramembranous ossification begin?
at about 8 weeks of embryonic development
How do bones develop in endochondral ossification?
via the replacement of a hyaline cartilage model
What bones use endochondral ossification?
all bones below the skull (except the clavicles)
When does endochondral ossification begin?
in second month of development
Why is endochondral ossification more complex?
because hyaline cartilage must be broken down as ossification proceeds
How does hyaline cartilage remain after secondary ossification is complete?
- on epiphyseal surfaces s articular cartilages
- at junctions of diaphysis and epiphysis where they form epiphyseal plates
- where long bones continue to grow
What are the mechanisms of bone growth during infancy & youth?
bones lengthen entirely by interstitial growth of epiphyseal plates
- all bones growth in thickness by appositional growth
What are the mechanisms of bone growth adolescence and early adulthood?
most bones stop growing
Which bones continue to grow throughout life?
some facial bones (nose & lower jaw)
What is the growth zone?
where cartilage cells undergo mitosis
What happens in the transformation zone?
- older cells enlarge
- matrix becomes calcified
- cartilage cells die
- matrix begins deteriorating
What happens in the osteogenic zone?
new bone formation is occurring
What is remodeling?
as the bone lengthens, the shape of the ends must be altered
What occurs during remodeling?
- length increase
- external suface ends are made slimmer
- internal surface thickened
- bone destroyed by osteoclasts and laid down by osteoblasts on inner and outer surfaces of growing long bone
What is the role of the epiphyseal plate in remodeling?
- stays about the same size throughout childhood and adolescence
- becomes thinner as cartilage cells in zone 1 multiply more and more slowly
Why does the epiphyseal plate stay about the same size in childhood and adolescence?
because the rates of bone deposit and resorption are equal
What is epiphyseal plate closure?
end of longitudinal growth when epiphysis & diaphysis fuses
What is appositional growth?
bone growth in width
How does appositional growth occur?
- layers on bone laid down on top of each other
- osteoblasts on periosteal side secrete bone matrix
- osteoclasts on endosteal side remove bone matix
How do bone growth in width and bone growth and length occur in relation to each other?
at the same time
When does osteoporosis occur?
when bone resorption outpaces bone formation causing bone to become porous
What areas of the spine are especially vulnerable to osteoporosis?
- spine
- neck of femur
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
- age
- estrogen & testosterone
- insufficient exercise
- diet poor in calcium & protein
- abnormal vitamin D receptors
- smoking
Why do estrogen and testerone increase the risk of osteoporosis?
promote bone health by restraining osteoclast activity and promoting deposition of new bone
What is the Haversian canal?
osteon canal
What is volkmann's canal?
canals that run at right angles to long axis of bone, connecting vascular and nerve supply of periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity
What are interstitial lamella?
incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons filling gaps between forming osteons or representing remnants of an osteon that has been cut through by remodeling
What are circumferential lamella?
located deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum
What are the role of circumferential lamella?
resist twisting of long bone
What are the canaliculi?
hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each each & to the central canal
Where is red marrow typically found?
within trabecular cavities of spongy bone in long bones & in diploe of flat bones
Where is yellow marrow typically found?
in medullary cavity
How many bones of in the human skeleton?
206
What percentage of the body weight do bones make up?
20%
What are the groups of the skeleton?
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
What makes up the axial skeleton?
bones of skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
- bones of upper & lower limbs
- pectoral/pelvic girdle
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
How many bones are in the skull?
22
What has the most complex bone structure?
skull
What are the sets of bones in the skull?
- cranial
- facial
What bones make up the cranial bone set?
- ethmoid
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- temporal
- sphenoid
What does the ethmoid bone approximate?
a cube that lies deep between orbits & nasal cavities
What do the cribiriform plates of the ethmoid bone form?
roof of nasal cavity & floor of anterior cranial fossa
What is the role of the olfactory foramina in the ethmoid bone?
transmit olfactory nerves
What are the role of the crista galli in the ethmoid bone?
project superiorly to attach to dura matter of brain
Where are the ethmoid sinuses contained?
within lateral masses in the ethnoid bone
Where are the superior & middle nasal conchae located?
medially to the ethmoid bone
Where are the orbital plates located?
lateral to the ethmoid bone
What is the role of the orbital plates?
contribute to medial walls of orbits
What is the shape of the frontal bone?
dome-shaped
What is the role of the frontal bone?
- forms roof of orbits & anterior cranial fossa
- articulates with paired parietal bones
Where is the frontal sinus located?
in the area lateral to the glabella
Where is the occipital bone located?
at base of skull
What is the role of the occipital bone?
- helps form post aspect of skull
- forms walls of post cranial fossa
- articulates anteriorly to 2 parietal & temporal bones
- attaches to sphenoid
What are the foramen magnum?
large hole are base of occipital bone that allows passage of spinal cord
Where are the occipital condyles located?
on side of foramen magnum
What is the role of the occipital condyle?
site of articulation with first cervical vertebra
What is the external occipital protuberance?
projection at back of skull
What does the parietal bone form?
- form superior & lateral aspects of skull
- form bulk of cranial vault
What is the role of the sphenoid bone?
- articulates with all other cranial bones
- form base of middle cranial fossa
- contributes to base of anterior cranial fossa
- contains sphenoid sinuses
What are the projections of the sphenoid bone?
- greater wings
- lesser wings
- pteyhoid processes
What are the pterygoud processes used for?
muscles for chewing
What are the optic formina used for?
optic nerves
Where is the superior orbital fissure located?
between greater & lesser wings
What is the superior orbital fissure used for?
cranial nerves for eye movement
What type of bones are the temporal bones?
paired
What do the temporal bones form?
- interior & lateral aspects of skull
- parts of cranial floor
Where are the temporal bones located?
just below two parietal bones
What are the regions of the temporal bones?
- squamous region
- tympanic region
- mastoid region
- petrous region
What is the squamous region of the temporal bones?
- flattened zygomatic process to cheekbone (zygomatic bone)
- mandibular fossa receives condyle of mandible
What are the characteristics of the tympanic region of the temporal bones?
- surrounds external acoustic meatus
- styloid process points inferiorly
- attachment area for muscles of tongue
What are the characteristics of the mastoid region?
- mainly mastoid process
- major attachment area for neck muscle
Where is the petrous region of the temporal bones located?
on internal aspects of temporal bone
What is the role of the petrous region?
- contributes to cranial base
- houses middle & inner ear cavities
What are the important foramina associated to the petrous region of the temporal bone?
- jugular foramen
- carotid canal
- internal acoustic meatus
What are the bones that make up the facial bone set?
- inferior nasal concha
- lacrimal
- mandible
- maxilla
- nasal
- vomer
- zygomatic
How are the bones of the skull united?
by sutures
What part of the skull do facial bones form?
anterior part
What part of the skull do cranial bones form?
everything but anterior
How can the cranium be divided?
into vault and base
What is the vault?
forms the superior, lateral & posterior aspects of the skull and forehead
What is the base?
inferior aspect of skull
What is the function of the cranium?
surrounds and protects the brain & organs of hearing/balance
What are the distinct areas of the cranium?
- anterior (highest) fossa
- middle fossa
- posterior ( lowest) fossa
What does the curvature of the cranial bones allow?
allows them to be self-bracing
What are the main sutures of the cranial bones?
- Coronal
- Squamous
- Lambdoid
- Sagittal
What do the coronal sutures connect?
frontal bone & parietal bones
What do the squamous sutures connect?
parietal bone & temporal bone
What do the lambdoid sutures connect?
occipital bone & 2 parietal bones
What do the sagittal sutures connect?
2 parietal bones
What are sutural bones?
tiny, irregular bones that occur within cranial suture as additional ossification centres
How do sutural bones appear?
rapidly during fetal development
What do the facial bones form?
framework of face
What cavities do the facial bones do?
- contain cavities for sensory organs of sight, smell & taste
- provide openings for passage of air & food
- secure teeth
- anchor facial muscles
How many facial bones are there?
14
Which bone is the mandible?
lower jaw bone
Which facial bone is the strongest and largest?
mandible
Where do the left & right rami join?
at the mandibular angle
What is the mandibular notch?
separates two processes at the superior margin of each ramus
What are the coronoid processes?
insertion of temporalis muscle
What is the mandibular condyle?
articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone forming tempomandibular joint
What is the alveolar margin?
contains tooth sockets
What is the mandibular foramina?
nerves to teeth in lower jaw
What is the mental foramina?
blood vessels & nerves to chin and lower jaw
What is the vomer?
single, thin bone that forms nasal septum
How many maxillary bones are there?
2
How are the maxillary bones fused?
medially
What are the functions of the maxillary bones?
- alveolar margins hold teeth of upper jaw
- palatine processes project posteriorly forming anterior 2/3 of hard palate
What is the incisive fossa?
serve as passageway for blood vessels and nerves
What are the frontal processes?
extend superiorly to the frontal bone, forming lateral aspects of bridge of the nose
What sinuses are contained in the maxillary bones?
maxillary sinuses
How many zygomatic bones are there?
2
Which bones are the zygomatic bones?
cheekbones
What is the role of the zygomatic bones?
- articulate with zygomatic processes
- contribute to inferolateral margins of orbit
How many nasal bones are there?
2
What are the structure of nasal bones?
tiny, rectangular bones
What are the functions of the nasal bones?
- fuse medially to form bridge of nose
- articulate with frontal bone superiorly & maxillary bones laterally
How many lacrimal bones are there?
2
What are the lacrimal bones?
finger-nail shaped bones in anterior, medial portion of orbit
What do the lacrimal bones articulate with?
- frontal bone
- ethmoid bone
- maxillae
What is the lacrimal fossa?
depression for lacrimal sac
How many palatine bones are there?
2
What is the structure of the palatine bones?
l-shaped
What do the palatine bones form?
- horizontal plates form part of hard palate
- vertical plates form nasal cavity and orbit
How many inferior conchae are there?
2
What do the inferior conchae form?
- superior & middle nasal conchae from ethmoid bone
What is the structure of the inferior conchae?
thin, curved bone thats projects medially
What is the largest pair of conchae?
inferior conchae
What are the paranasal sinuses?
- frontal
- maxillary
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
What are the characteristics of the ethmoid sinuses?
- mucosa-lined
- air-filled
- lighten skull
- enhance resonance of voice
- connect to nasal cavity
- help warm & humidify incoming air
What is the role of the hyoid sinus?
- supports tongue
- gives attachment to muscles for swallowing & speech
What are the characteristic of the hyoid sinus?
- doesn't articulate with any other bone
- horse-shoe shaped with body + 2 pairs of horns
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
33 bones
How many vertebral bones remain separate for flexibility?
24
How many vertebral bones fuse?
9
How many composite bones are formed from the vertebral column bones?
2
What are the composite bones formed from the vertebral column bones?
sacrum & coccyx
What are the vertebral column bones?
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
3/4 cocccyx
What are the main functions of the vertebral column?
- weight-bearing
- anchor for muscles & ligaments
- protection of spinal cord
What is the purpose of the vertebral column curvatures?
resilience & flexibility
What is the curvature of the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column?
concave
What is the curvature of the thoracic and sacral regions of the vertebral column?
convex
What are the supporting elements of the vertebral column?
- ligaments
- intervertebral discs
-
What is the structure of ligaments?
- strap-like
- continuous bands down the front & back of vertebral bodies
from neck to sacrum
- broad anterior strongly attached to bony vertebrae & discs
What is the purpose of ligaments?
support column of bones so we stay upright
What are the major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column?
anterior & posterior longitudinal
What do the broad anterior ligaments of the vertebrae do?
prevent hyperextension of spine
What are the characteristics of posterior ligaments of the vertebral column?
- narrow & weaker than anterior
- attached only to disc
What do the posterior ligaments of the spine do?
prevent hyperflexion
What are the role of the intervertebral discs?
cushioning between bony vertebral bodies & act as shock absorbers
What percentage of the length of the vertebral column are the intervertebral discs?
25%
What are the structure of the intervertebral discs?
- each disc is circular with nucleus pulposus in centre & annulus fibrosus around periphery
What is the structure of the nucleus pulposus?
like a rubber ball with elasticiity and compressibility
What is the of the annulus fibrosus?
- holds together successive vertebrae
- resists tension in spine
Where are the intervertebral discs thickest?
in the lumbar & cervical regions
Why are intervertebral discs thickest in the lumbar and cervical regions?
for flexibility
What is a herniated disc?
involves rupture of annulus fibrosus followed by protrusion of spongy nucleus pulposus through the annulus
How does pain result from herniated disc?
when protrusion presses on the spinal cord or spinal nerves
How are herniated discs treated?
- moderate exercise
- massage
- heat therapy
- pain killers
What happens to vertebra as they descend the vertebral column?
they get larger
What are the characteristics of the vertebra?
- weight-bearing body + - - -- ---- vertebral arch enclose vertebral foramen
What passes through the vertebral arch?
spinal cord
What forms the vertebral canal?
successive formina of articulated vertebrae
What forms the vertebral arch?
2 pedicles + 2 laminae
What are the features of the pedicles?
have notches on superior & inferior surfaces
What are the intervertebral foramina?
lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae
What passes through intervertebral foramina?
spinal nerves from spinal cord
How many processes are from each vertebral arch?
7
What are the processes from the vertebral arch?
- 1 spinous process
- 2 transverse processes
- 2 superior articular processes
- 2 inferior articular processes
What is the role of the spinous process?
muscle attachment
What are the role of transverse processes?
1 per side for muscle attachment
What is role of the articular processes?
- vertebrae above & below
- smooth, collagen-coated facets for articulation
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
What are the characteristics of the first and second cervical vertebrae?
- unusual structure
- no intervertebral disc
What are the third to seventh cervical vertebrae considered to be?
typical
What are the characteristics of the third to seventh cervical vertebrae?
- oval body
- broader side-to-side than front-to-back
- spinous process short & split at end
- large vertebral foramen
- transverse process contains transverse foramen
What is different about the seventh cervical vertebrae?
spinous process is short & split at end
What is the purpose of the transverse foramen in the cervical vertebrae?
for passage of vertebral artery to brain
What are the characteristics of the atlas?
- no body
- no spinous process
- posterior & anterior neural arches
- lateral masses with superior & inferior articular facets
What is the atlas articulated with?
brain and C2
What does the articulation of the atlas allow?
nod yes
What are the characteristics of the axis?
has dens or odontoid process
What does the odontoid process of the axis allow?
- pivot
- movement of head from side to side
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
What happens to thoracic vertebrae as they descend?
increase in size
What are the characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?
- all have ribs attached
- body roughly heart-shaped & bears facets for ribs
- vertebral foramen circular
- spinous process long & points down
What do the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae have?
facets for articulation with tubercles of ribs
What is different about the eleventh and twelvth ribs?
tranverse processes do not have facets for articulation with tubercles of ribs
Where are the lumbar vertebrae located?
lower back
What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae?
weight-bearing
What are the characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae?
- bodies kidney shaped & increase in size from top to bottom
- triangular vertebral foramen
What are the characteristics of the pedicles & laminae of the lumbar vertebrae?
shorter & thicker than those of other vertebrae
What are the characteristics of the spinous processes in the lumbar vertebrae?
- flat & short
- project directly back
How are the orientation of the inferior & superior facets of the lumbar vertebrae unique?
- curved
- superior face in
- inferior face out
What do the sacral vertebrae originate?
as 5 separate vertebrae
What happens to the 5 parts of the sacral vertebrae in adolescence?
fuse to form sacrum
What does the sacrum articulate with?
- the 5th lumbar & laterally with the sacroiliac joints (hip bones)
What is the sacral promontory?
anterosuperior margin of first sacral vertebrae, bulges anteriorly into pelvic cavity
What are the transverse lines?
four ridges marking the lines of fusion of the sacral vertebrae
What are median sacral crests?
roughened, posterior midline in sacral surface
What is sacral canal?
vertebral canal within the sacrum
What is the sacral hiatus?
enlarged external opening this is the obvious inferior end of the sacral canal
What is the common name for the coccygeal vertebrae?
tailbone
What is the structure of the coccygeal vertebrae?
3 or 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
What is the function of the coccygeal vertebrae?
attachment area for soem pelvic ligaments, but otherwise useless
What is the structure of the bony thorax?
thoracic vertebrae + ribs + costal cartilage + sternum
What is the function of the bony thorax?
- protective cage around heart, lungs, & major blood vessels
- supports shoulder girdle & upper limbs
- provides area of muscle attachment for back, chest & shoulders
Where is the sternum located?
anterior midline of thorax
What is the structure of the sternum?
fusion of manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What does the manubrium articulate with?
the clavicles via clavicular notches & 1st pair of ribs
Where does the body have notches for articulation of the sternum?
with the 2nd to 7th ribs
What are significant anatomical landmarks?
- jugular notch
- sternal angle
- xiphisternal joint
What is the sternal angle?
cartilaginous hinge between manubrium & body of sternum
What is the jugular notch?
- indentation you can palpate
- in line with disc between T2 & T3
What is the xiphisternal joint?
- fusion of sternal body & xiphoid process
- opposite T9
How many ribs are there?
12 per side
What are the characteristics of ribs?
- all attach at back to vertebral column
- curve inferiorly & anteriorly
- typical rib is a bowed, flat bone
How many true ribs are there?
7
What are the characteristics of true ribs?
attach directly to sternum
What are the remaining five ribs?
false ribs
Where do ribs 8 to 10 attach to sternum?
indirectly via costal cartilages & rib 7
What type of ribs are ribs 11 & 12?
floating ribs
What are the sections of the ribs?
- shaft
- head
- neck
What is the the structure of the shaft of the ribs?
- main portion of ribs
- contains costal groove
What is a costal groove?
inferior margin of rib cage
What is the structure of the head of the ribs?
- 2 facets
Where do the facets of the head of the ribs articulate?
- one with the demi-facet on the body of the same-nubmered thoracic vertebra
- one on body of the superior vertebrae
Where does a tubercle articulate?
with transverse process of same-numbered thoracic vertebrae
What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?
- pair of clavicles
- pair of scapula
What is oriented anteriorly in the pectoral girdle?
medial ends of each clavicle joins sternum
What is oriented laterally in the pectoral girdle?
distal ends of clavicles meet scapulae laterally
What are the characteristics of the bones of the pectoral girdle?
- light
- very movable
- attachment points of muscle to move upper limbs
What are the benefits of the scapulae's attachment?
attached only laterally, allowing free movement of arm
What are the benefits of the glenoid cavity?
- shallow & poorly reinforced so it doesn't restrict movement of humerus
What is the glenoid cavity?
shoulder joint
What are the clavicles?
collarbones
What are the characteristics of the clavicles?
- s-shaped
- insertion points for muscles
- braces to push arms laterally
What does the curvature of the clavicles ensure?
outward fracture, away from subclavian artery
What are the scapulae?
shoulder blades
What are the characteristics of the shoulder blades?
- thin, triangular, flat bones
- dorsally between ribs 2 and 7
- superior, medial & lateral borders
What is the spine acromion?
articulates with acromial end of clavicle
What is the coracoid process?
biceps muscle
How many bones are in the upper limbs?
30
What are the components of the upper limbs?
- arm
- forearm
- hand
What is the humerus?
only bone of the arm
Which is the longest bone of the upper limbs?
humerus
How does the humerus articulate?
- with the scapula & radius + ulna
- head inserts into glenoid cavity
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
slight constriction immediately inferior to head of humerus
What are the function of the greater and lesser tubercles?
sites of attachment for rotator cuff muscles
What are the intertubercular grooves?
separate the greater and lesser tubercles
What often happens to the surgical neck?
fractures
What are the condyles of the humerus?
- trochlea
- capitulum
Where does the trochlea articulate?
with ulna
Where does the capitulum articulate?
with radius
Where is the ulnar nerve located?
behind medial epicondyle
What are the bones of the forearm?
- radius
- ulna
How are the bones of the forearm oriented?
parallel to each other
What do the bones of the forearm articulate with?
- with humerus & wrist bones
- with each other at superior & inferior radio-ulnar joints
What is the interosseous membrane?
flat, flexible ligament that connects the radioulnar joints
What is the ulna?
elbow joint
What is the relationship between the radius and ulna?
ulna is slightly longer
What processes are found within the ulna?
- olecranon process
- coronoid process
- styloid process
What does the olecranon process prevent?
elbow hyperextension
What is the role of the styloid process in the ulna?
connects ligament to wrist
What is the radius?
wrist joint
What are the characteristics of the radius?
- head at proximal end
- distal end is wider
-
What is significant about the distal end of the radius?
has medial ulnar notch & lateral styloid process
How many bones are in the hand?
27
What are the elements of the hand?
- carpus
- metacarpus
- phalanges
What is the carpus?
wrist
What are the components of the carpus?
8 carpels
"So Long to Pittsburgh"
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
"Time To Call Home"
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
"Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home"
Scaphoid
Lunate
Trisquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
How many bones are in the metacarpus?
5
What are the distal ends of metacarpus?
knuckles
What are the metacarpus bones numbered?
1-5 from thumb to little finger
How are the proximal ends of the metacarpus articulated?
with wrist bones
How many phalanges are there?
3 per finger
2 per thumb
What are phalanges?
miniature long bones
How are phalanges numbered?
1-5 from thumb to little finger
What are the classifications of the phalanges?
- proximal
- middle
-distal
What phalanges does the thumb have?
- proximal
- distal
What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?
- attaches lower limbs
- transmits weight of upper body to lower limbs
- supports visceral organs
What is the structure of the pelvic girdle?
- left & right coxal bones unite anteriorly with sacrum at back
What does each os coax consist of?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
What happens to the bones of the os coax at puberty?
they fuse
What is the acetabulum?
area where all 3 bones join to form socket of hip joint
What is the general structure of the female pelvis?
- titled forward
- adapted for childbearing
- true pelvis defines birth canal
- capacity of true pelvis is borad, shallow, & and greater
What is the bone thickness of the female pelvis?
- lesser thickness than males
- bones thinner, lighter, and smoother
What are the characteristics of the acetabula of the female pelvis?
smaller and farther apart than males
What are the characterisitcs of the pubic angle/arch of the female pelvis?
- broader
- more rounded
What is the general structure of the male pelvis?
- titled less forward
- adapted for support of heavier build and stronger muscles
- cavity of true pelvis narrow & deep
What are the characteristics of the bone thickness in the male pelvis?
- greater thickness than female
- bones heavier
- markings more prominent
What are the characteristics of the acetabula of the male pelvis?
- larger and closer than females
What are the characteristics of the pubic angle/arch of the male pelvis?
angle more acute
What is the ilium?
large flaring bone that forms most of os coax
What is the iliac crest?
superior border of ilium
What are the role of the iliac spines?
attachment of muscles
What is the pelvic brim?
superior margin of true pelvis
What is the ischium?
postero-inferior part of hip bone
What is the ischial tuberosity?
rough and glossly thickended surface of ischial body
What is the pubis?
anterior part of os coax
What occurs at the pubis symphysis?
two bones unite
What is the pubic crest?
thickening of anterior border of pubis
What are the components of the lower limbs?
- leg
- thigh
- foot
What is the bone of the thigh?
femur
Which bone is the largest & strongest?
femur
What is the fovia capitis?
ligament to acetabulum
What are the characteristics of the neck of the femur?
- angles laterally to shaft
- weak
How does the femur articulate?
lateral & medial condyles articulate with tibia
Where is the patellar surface located?
between condyles
What happens at the lateral & medial epicondyles?
muscles attach
How many bones are in the leg?
2
What are the bones in the leg?
- tibia
- fibula
What is the orientation of the tibia and fibula?
parallel
What is the role of the tibia?
transfer weight form femur to foot
What is the composition of the fibula?
interosseus membrane + proximal & distal tibiofibular joints
How many bones are in the foot?
26
What are the components of the foot?
- tarsus
- metatarsus
- phalanges
What is the tarsus?
ankle bone
What is the largest tarsus bone?
calcaneus (heelbone)
What are the metatarsus bones?
5 miniature bones
How are the metatarsus bones numbered?
1-5