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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Circuit Switching
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Process of setting up and keeping open a physical circuit btwn two or more users until the connection is terminated.
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Advantages of Circuit Switching
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Use of entire bandwidth of open cicuit
Fix connections btwn users = no congestion No channel access delay due to circuit being dedicated Low variance and end to end delay - signals travel at rapid and constant speed w/o outside traffic interference |
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Disadvantages of Circuit Switching
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Dedicated use of channel = expensive
-cost paid by the user May be delay in establoishing connect -due to overhead required to make the connection through numerous SBs |
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Purpose of a Switchboard
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Connect one telephone line to another within a network
-alleviates the need for multiple point to point lines |
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Define Trunk Circuit
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Communication line between two switching systems
-used to extend multiple phone calls simultanrously from one SB to another -when a call is placed across a trunk = trunk circuit |
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Define Point-to-Point Circuit
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Dedicated connection directly btwn two telephones w/o aid of SB
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Define Loop Circuit
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Connects a telephone to a switchboard
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Define Long Local
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Telephone set residing at a different site that the SB with which it is associated with.
-Long locals don't require a complete guided media connection from SB to telephone. Can be brkn up utilizing transmissions gear (wireless) |
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Define Switchboard Code
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Code based on the GBNP which serves to uniquely identify wach switchboard within a circuit switching network
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Purpose of the Global Block Numbering Plan (GBNP)
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1. Incorporates all services into a joint network
2. Identifies a unique service-managed block of unit and subscriber numbers for each military branch 3. Identifies databases and sub-networks within the blocks of numbers 4. Simplifies network management through standardization of assignable NATO codes (PRSL and HMX) |
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Structure of the GBNP
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Three digit area code, fourdigit switch code, three digit subscriber number
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Define Call Routing
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Method by which a switchboard routes traffic across trunks to other connected SBs
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Define Deterministic Routing
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Traffic is sent to one route at a time via programmed routing tables
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Define Alternate Routing
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Provides a path for calls to travel should the primary route fail
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Define Switching office
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Central location that provides communicatio service to subscribers with the same office code (switch code)
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Flood Search Routing
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Traffic is sent to all connected routes available
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Gateway Routing
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Routing of calls between dissimilar circuit switching networks
-Ex from a Flood serach to a determinsitic network |
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Define Signaling
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Information exchange governing the establishment and control of telecommunications connection & the management of the network
- Doesn't = User information (voice traffic) |
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Define Analog In-band Signaling
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Use audio tone frequencies within the human speech/hearing range.
- Signals the SB what numbers are being dialed 1. Dial Pulsing - Rotary Phone 2. Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) - keypad dialing |
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Define Digital In-Band Signaling
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Signalling bits travel along same channel as traffic
- aka Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) or "Robbed bit" |
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Define Analog Out-of-Band Signaling
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Uses a portion of the channel bandwidth provided by the transmission medium (carrier channel)
Above highest frequency used by voice Higher frequency sounds may not be processed |
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Define Digital Out-of-Band Signaling
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Signaling bits travel in a seperate channel from the associated user generated traffic (voice)
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Means of signaling
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1. Duration of pulse
2 Combination of pulses 3. Frequency 4. Combination of Frequencies 5. Presence or abscence of signal 6. Direction or level of transmistted current 7. Binary Code |
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Signaling functions
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1. Audio-visual signaling- Signals subscribers can see or hear (Ringing, busy tone, Incoming call light)
2. Supervisory signaling -a. Line Signaling: off hook/on hook -b. Start signaling -1. Loop Start -2. Ground Start -3. Wink Start 3. Register signaling |
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In-Band signaling
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Uses frequencies or time slots within the bandwidth or data stream occupied by the information channel
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Out-of-band Signaling
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Uses dedicated channel, seperate from information channel, to perform overhead functions
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Define encoding
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Process by which information is impressed onto and analog or digital waveform for the purpose of transmission and utilization at a destination
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Two Steps of the waveform Coding Process
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Sampling
-Analog signal is measured at uniform intervals Quantilizing -Converting of sampled analog wave voltage to a digital format |
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Define Digital Line Coding
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Digital bit stream representation on a transmission link
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Define Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
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Circuit switched telephone network system designed to allow digital transmission of voice, video, data over ordinary copper telephone lines
-Replaced the Public Switched Telephone Network (PTSN) |
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Define Trunk Level One (T-1)
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Signaling method based on the T-carrier scheme developed by Bell Laboratories to improve commercial telephone service
-Comprised of 24 DS0s -Total data xmt rate 1544kbps (1.544Mbps) |
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Identify data rate associated with Digital Signal Level Zero (DS-0)
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Basic unit of the T-Carrier system
-xmt rate of 64kbps -common used in commercail telecommunications applications -Provides (1) voice circuit |
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Identify the structure of a Channel Associated Signaling (CAS T-1)
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T-1 utilizing In-Band signaling
-Channel associated signaling due to the use of the 6th and 12th frames w/in the Super Frame -Super Frame format uses least significant bit - Not utilized on ISDNs |
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Identify Advantages of a CAS T-1
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All 24 channels to be used for user traffic
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Identify the structure of a Primary Rate Interface (PRI) T-1
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23 DS0 (64kbps) channels for user data
-User channels = Bearer channels = B Channels -24th channel = Overhead = D Channel = Dedicated Channel |
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Identify the advantages of a PRI T-1
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Each channel in CAS T-1 must perform its own set up and tear down for each call.
23 Channel PRI establishes calls faster -DS0 Channels w/in PRI can be bonded together to form channels for alrger capacity |
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Define Compression
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Process of encoding information using fewer bits
-VX-900 compresses - Only works when both sender and rcver using compatible Coding/decofing scheme (Codec) |
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Identify audio Codec used to a signal for transmission over a LAN connection w/in USMC
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G.711
-64kbps |
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Superframe
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Set of 12 Frames w/in a T-1 Connection
192bits = (1) frame |
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Identify audio Codec used to prepare a signal for transmission over a WAN connection within USMC
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G.729
-8kbps |
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Define fractional T-1
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Any T-carrier data transmission rate btwn 64kbps and 1544kbps
-Increments of 64kbps(DS0 rate) -Reduction of B Channels provided |
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Identify Structure of the Basic Rate Interface (BRI) configuration
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Used to provide services to the subscriber
-(2) 64kbps B channels -(1) 16kbps D channel -(1) 48kbps framing and sync -Total speed 192kbps Tactical Switching = BRI S/T |
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Define Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
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Digitally extends high speed data circuit over ordinary copper telephone lines
-2.048Mbps or higher |
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HDSL
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DSL type utilized in commercial-based tactical switching equipment w/in USMC
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ISDN v. DSL
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DSL = Extension of network services
ISDN = Network providing services such as PRI & BRI |
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Define voice packetization
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Exact length of time a CODEC is applied to an analog voice stream to construct a single digital packet
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Purpose of a digital signal processor
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Microprocessor that performs:
-sampling -encoding -compression of analog audio coming into the router or media gateway device on PSN |
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Purpose of Voice Port
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Enable T-1 trunk coming from a circuit switchboard to be terminated at a PSN router
-Either uses IP network to extend a T-1 trunk to another SB or integrate local CSN w/seperate VoIP network |
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Define transcoding
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Direct conversion of on codec to another
- ex: using G.729 to compress a signal that was encoded with G.711 so it may be xmted over a WAN |
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Purpose of media gateway
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Allow PSTN/DSN to use PSN to extend telephone trunks (T-1s) long distance
-Enable interoperability btwn VoIP and POTS VX-900 = Media Gateway |
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Define network convergence
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Combination of voice, video, data services across same network infrastructure
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Define IP trunking
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Method of Trunk extension where two CSSBs are logically connected together by a T-1 that traverses the PSN
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Identify the bandwidth planning factor associated to the given cable
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Narrowband Guided Media
-WD-1 -WF-16 -CX-4566 -MILC -64Kbps and below Wideband |
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Identify max planning ranges for a given cable
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-CAT 3/5: 100m
-CX-11230: 1.6km -CX-11230: 1.6km |
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Identify primary function of a Voice Distribution System
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Provide a point where individual telephones can be tied into the network- Dropped at location or utilizing a Drop-and-Insert
Serve as test points along long cable routes consiting of numerous segements of cable Patch-Points to bypass bad pairs in feeder cable |
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Identify appropriate connector used to terminate the corresponding interfacing standard
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RS-232: serial binary data signals connecting btwn DTE and DCE
-Null modem cable cause DTE to "think" its rcved a CTS signal from DCE. RS-350:DB-25 connector - 60m, router serial interfaces Registered Jack Standards for connecting telecomm/computer networking equip to a provider RJ11: 2 Wire Telephone (2P2C) RJ14: 4 Wire Telephone (Same size as RJ11) RJ45: 8P8C RJ48: 8P8C |
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Narrowband guided Media
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-64Kbps and below
-WD-1 -WF-16 -CX-4566 -MILC |
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Wideband
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Above 64Kbps- Below 45Mbps
-Twisted Pair -CAT 1: Long-ranger ethernet and DSL = 10Mbps -CAT 2: 4Mbps associated w/token-ring LANs -CAT3: 10Mbps over 330 feet (100m); RJ11/RJ14 -CAT4: 16Mbps (100m) |
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Broadband
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Above 45Mbps
-CAT 5: 100Mbps (100m) HDSL (5) miles; RJ45 -CAT 6: 1000Mbps ;RJ45 -CAT 7: 10Gbps : RJ45 -CX-11230: Above 45Mbps: 1.6km(1mile) CX-13295: Above 45Mbps: 8km w/o repeater |
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Identify telphony capabilities of the Secure Terminal Equipment (STE)
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End to end encryption- Encryption is provided by the comm device itself.
Capable of making secure call and transfering secure data at 128Kbps using ISDN connection over: -tactical networks -DSN -Commercial -foriegn networks Facilitates video conferencing, fax, file transfer Can rcv cryptographic keys over the telphone -Includes rekey of STE |
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Purpose of KSV-21 (Fortezza Card)
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Encrypts the STE
can process up to TS/SCI Three part keying concept: -Key Encryption Key (KEK) -Cryptographic Ignition Key (CIK) -Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) KEK and CIK physically loaded TEK logically generated upon call, destroyed after call ends |
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Identify safeguarding requirements of the KSV-21 (Fortezza Card)
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STE w/o KSV-21 = Unclass not CCI
W/KSV-21, STE = class lvl of the KSV-21 -shouldn't left unattended Keep in user personal possession Store in manner that will minize possibility of: -Loss - Unauth use -substitution -tampering -breakage User can't transfer responsibility w/o COMSEC manager permission User w/o appropriate clearnce is required to be supervised by responsible user when using a STE w/card inserted Card can be transported w/o written courier authorization unless prohibited by Unit SOP. User can send KSV-21 through airport security w/o harm to the card |
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Identify purpose of the OMNI telephone system
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Utilized to encrypt an unsecure phone network
Call recepient must have OMNI to talk secure Call is made inthe Clear then users agree to go secure. -Only one subscriber to press secure button on OMNI |
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Identify characteristics of International Maritime Satelite (MARSAT) wireless telephone system
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Provides secure voice, data, fax using STE terminals
Provides secure high-speed data xmtission w/interface to KIV-7 and KG-84 series encryption devices IMARSAT 4 used with BGAN |
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Characteristics of Iridium wireless telephone systems
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Iridium = commercial sat comm company that provides OTM telphony and multimedia services to small handsets any where in the world including the poles
Constellation consits of 66 Satellites and seven spares Signal crosslinked to adjacent Sats until it is linked down to a commercial gateway in Arizona or DoD Gateway in Hawaii |
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Characterisitics of Thuraya wireless sat telephone sys
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Regional Sat telephone service provider based out of UAE.
Provides coverage throughout Europe, ME, N C East Africa, Aia, Australia w/two operational Sats NOT to be used by U.S. Forces unless absolutely necessary |
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Identify Purpose of the Remote Subscriber Access Module (RSAM)
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Extend voice and limited data services to remote subscribers
Bn lvl but may be employed at lower levels depending on mission requirements |
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Identify subcomponents of the RSAM
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-REDCOM SLICE
-VX-900 (Media Gateway) -Interface Modules (CSU/DSU (HDSL)) -Fiber Optic Modems -Signal Entry Panel -CAT5 Patch Panel -Power Distribution Panel -Uninterruptible Power Supply |
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Identify method of placing secure phone calls using Redcom SLICE
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Require use of ancillary equipment
-STE or OMNI |
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Total number of digital trunk interfaces supportted by a Redcom SLICE
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Two Uncompressed T1 trunks (CAS or PRI, PRI typically used) to other compatible, commercially based SB using CAT 5/RJ-45
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Identify the four common methods used to extend digital trunks from REDCOM switchboards
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1. Straight T-1 (No compression)
2. DSL (CSU/DSU HDSL 5miles) 3.Best Signalflow Protocol (BSP, VX-900 Serial or ethernet longhaul transmissions) 4. Fiber Optic modem/cable (Colocated units, altrouting, long dist) |
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Identify total number of analog loops supported by the Redcom SLICE
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24 POTS
SLICE equal (2) line modules -(12) subscribers each -(2) 4wire suibscribers ea |
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Identify the total number of digital Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) loops supported by the Redcom SLICE
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(4) ISDN BRI-S/T loops (4wire)
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Identify the total number of line modules supported by the Redcom SLICE
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Ea SLICE has (2) Line Modules
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Define BESTflow Signaling Protocol (BSP)
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Framing software that transports up to 160 of any type of voice, VoIP, Secure voice, fax, data modem callsinto the payload of a single User Datagram Protocol (UDP) IP packet for xmtission over satellite or terrestrial links via layer three IP routing.
(Used to xmt CS data over a WAN) |
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Identify the purpose of the Voice Exchange 900 (VX-900)
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Priamry purpose: Signalling gateway
-Allows conversion from T-1 to various other signal formatys (ex Ethernet) - Prepares T-1 for interfacing w/MUX equipment - Compression and fractionalization - Additional connections for redundancy Labelled as SHOUT900 on gear |
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Identify the purpose of the Secure relay Codec
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Provide VX-900 w/abiltity to compress secure telephone calls to 9.6kbps/channel
VX-900 allows for the planning of G.729 compression of clear calls and a seperate number of SRC channels over same pipeline |
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Identify the number of T-1 ports with which the VX-900 RSAM variant is equipped
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(2) T1
(4) serial (2) Ethernet |
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Identify the number of T-1 ports VX-900 DEOS variant is equipped
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(8) T1
(4) serial (2) Ethernet |
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Identify number of Ethernet Ports RSAM VX-900 is equipped
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(2) Ethernet
Utilizing Ethernet ports VX-900 can route to an indefintie number of destination VX Nodes via its connection to NIPRnet (BSPE) |
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Identify number of Ethernet Ports DEOS VX-900 is equipped
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(2) Ethernet
Utilizing Ethernet ports VX-900 can route to an indefintie number of destination VX Nodes via its connection to NIPRnet (BSPE) |
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Identify purpose of a Voice Exchange Node Identification Number (VX Node ID)
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Identify individual VX-900 media gateways w/in a voice network for proper traffic routing
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Identify USMC standard used to create a Voice Exchange Node Identification Number (VX Node ID)
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8 digit number expressed in four groups
00:00:00:00 First two slots = SB HMX code Third and fourth slots = advance digit dialing number of SB IP- comes from VoIP VLAN acts like a host ( no need for a /30 or /31) |
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Identify the purpose of the Deployable End Office Suite (DEOS)
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Part of Transitio n Switch Module (TSM
-Designed to provide basic voice CS, subscriber access, call service attendant capabilities |
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Identify total number of anlog subscribers supported by DEOS
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(96) Analog
(48)/ MSU |
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Identify total number of Digital Basic Rate Interface (BRI S/T) loops supported by DEOS
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(8) Digital BRI S/T
(4) /MSU can support BRI-U NOT used in USMC |
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Identify total number digital trunk interfaces support by DEOS
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(8) T-1 trunks
(4) /MSU |
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Identify method of placing secure phone calls on DEOS
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Need STE or OMMI
DEOS doesn't posses organic secure call capability |
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Identify common methods used to extend digital trunks from HDX
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1. Straight T-1 (No compression)
2. DSL (DSLAM (Super CSU/DSU) HDSL 5miles 3.Best Signalflow Protocol (BSP, VX-900 Serial or ethernet longhaul transmissions) 4. Fiber Optic modem/cable (Colocated units, altrouting, long dist) |
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Identify purpose of Loop Start Ring Down (LSRD) trunbk w/in DEOS
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Allow trunking of local civllian or garrison telephone network pedstal
-Able to process tactical telphone network calls through the local telephone network infrastructure |
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Identify subcomponents of DEOS
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-(1) Redcom HDX with two shelves (Case 1 and Case 2)
-Loop patch panel -Zone distribution panel -Power Distribution Panel -CAT 5 Patch Panel -VX-900 -DSLAM -Serial Device Server |
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Identify total number of Modular Switching Units (MSUs) with which each HDX is equipped
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(2) MSUs
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Define precedence
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Designation assigned to a phone call by caller to indicate to comm personnel/equipment the relative urgency of the call
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Five levels of Precedence
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-Flash Overide (FO)
-Flash (F) -Immediate (I) -Priority (P) -Routine (R) COCOM/CJTF = FO 27.8% =P 68% = R |
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Define Multi-Level Precedence Preemption (MLPP)
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System used in mil CSN allows selected users to exercise preemption capabilities to sieze circuits being used for lower precedence calls IOT place their higher precedence call
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USMC Preemption method
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Ruthless
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Define Toll restrictions
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River City
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