Animes: From Cells To Systems

Front 1

Factors that influence cell specialization. Cytoplasm.

Back 1

During Mitosis, contents of cytoplasm can differ in daughter cells.

Different cell contents can lead to different specialization.

Front 2

Factors that influence cell specialization. Environmental Conditions.

Back 2

Temperature and available nutrients can influence the cell during differentiation.

Ex: In Siamese cats, only cells that develop at cool temperatures produce dark hair.

Front 3

Factors that influence cell specialization. Neighboring cells.

Back 3

If cells are close, some of the contents from one cell can diffuse into another cell.

These contents can change how the DNA of the cell is expressed.

Front 4

Why would abnormal development occur?

Back 4

Environmental factors can lead to abnormalities. Ex: Chemicals contaminants such as heavy metals, parasites, and disease.

Front 5

How do cells develop specific roles?

Back 5

As cells mature their genes are turned on and off by neighboring cells or the environment.

Different combinations of active genes lead to different cell specialization.

Eventually enough genes have been turned on and off that cells stop dividing and remain mature cells with specific function (Ex: muscle cells)

Front 6

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

Back 6

Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous.

Front 7

Tissue: Epithelial

Back 7

Line the surface of the body as a body covering and between internal organs.

Cells have strong connections to adjoining cell membranes, so they from a barrier.

Front 8

Types of Epithelial tissue: Skin Epithelia.

Back 8

Made of thin cells that form sheets and act as a semi-permeable barrier between the inside and outside of a body.

Front 9

Types of Epithelial tissue: Columnar Epithelia.

Back 9

Made of columns of cells that line the small intestine, stomach, and glands.

May secret mucus, have finger-like projections called cilia, and or absorb materials.

Front 10

Tissue: Muscle

Back 10

Designed to change their shape.

Act by shortening or lenghtining.

Front 11

Types of Muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle

Back 11

Looks striped as its made up of cells that line up in the same direction.

Attaches to bone allowing the body to move.

Found in limbs and places where the body needs support (Ex: such as lower around the lower abdomen and back).

Front 12

Types of Muscle tisue: Smooth muscle.

Back 12

Do not have a striated appearence and made of cells that are tapered at both ends.

Found in blood vessels and the walls of internal organs such as the esophagus and stomach.

Front 13

Types of Muscle tissue: Cardiac muscle.

Back 13

Made of cells whose nuclei sometimes appear to be between cells.

Branched and unevenly striated.

Found only in the heart.

Contracts as a unit.

Front 14

Tissue: Nervous

Back 14

Made of cells called neurons which have finger-like projections to receive and transfer signals.

Coordinates body actions.

Front 15

Types of Nervous tissue. ARE VARIED IN THEIR ACTION.

Back 15

-some relay signals from the Brian and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

-others detect information from their environment like a hot stove or heat and trigger the body's responses.

Front 16

Tissues: Connective

Back 16

Strengthens , supports, protects cells and tissues.

Consists of cells in an extracellular matrix that can range from a liquid (blood) yo elastic materials that can stretch (in ligaments) to mineral depsoits (bone).

Front 17

Types of connective tissue: Bone.

Back 17

Made of cells surrounded by calcium-hardended tissue through witch blood vessels flow.

Needed for support, movement, and protection.

Front 18

Types of connective tissue: fat.

Back 18

Made of large, tightly packed cells.

Found under the skin and around organs.

Needed for energy storage, padding and insulation.

Front 19

Types of connective tissue: Blood.

Back 19

Includes red and white blood cells and platelets within a liquid mix called plasma.

Transports nutrients and oxygen.

Clots when the skin is cut.

Attacks invaders such as bacteria and viruses.

Front 20

Stem cells

Back 20

Unspeciallized cells in animals that can produce specialized cells.

Mammals can only replace small amounts of tissues(bone, skin).

Human organs are formed in the embryo and cannot be remade.

Embryos possess totipotent stem cells which can become any type of cell.

As development occurs cell become pluripotent which are capable of producing some but not all types of cells.

Adult stem cells (after birth) can only produce specific types of cells (skin produces skin, bone produces bone).

Front 21

Ethical issues of using Embryonic stem cells( an unspeciallized cell that can become any one of an organisms body cells).

Back 21

Totipotent cells are found in embryos less than a week old.

These cells can be kept in a lab and divide undifferentiated cells for up to a year.

These cells can become any one of the approximate 300 different types of human cells.

These cells must be taken from embryos outside the womb and cause the embryo to die. Some people consider this to be taking a human life.

Front 22

Other options (of using Embryonic stem cells)

Back 22

Adult stem cells have been changed into pluripotent stem cells.

This change normally takes place using viruses that may damage the cells DNA.

Cord blood banking.

Front 23

Types of technologies: X-Ray

Back 23

Produced by transmitting a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation through the body to expose photographic film on the other side.

X-rays go through soft tissue so they are best used for hard tissue such as bone.

Front 24

Types of technologies: CT scan or CAT scan.

Back 24

Produced by taking X-rays of very thin slices of a body part that can be reconstructed by a computer into a three-dimensional image.

Example above: this three dimensional CT scan shows a healthy heart.

Front 25

Types of technologies: Ultrasound (medical sonography)

Back 25

Produced by directing high frequency sound waves at a part of the body, usually from a microphone attached to a computer.

Shows real time movement of body parts like the heart; useful for watching organ function.

Example above: this ultrasound image has been coloured to more clearly show blood flow through an artery. Blood flow is greatest when red and slowest when green.

Front 26

Types of technoligies: MRI scan ( magnetic resonance imaging).

Back 26

Produced using radio signals in magnetic field to create images of body parts.

Example above: this MRI scan shows sites of bleeding in the brain, which has resulted in a stroke.

Front 27

Advances in technology (Endoscopy)

Back 27

Endoscopy is where a tiny camera and a light attached to a flexible tube are inserted into the body. This provides options for diagnosis as well as treatment (shown in Figure B).

The picture above shows two ways a stomach ulcer can be diagnosed. An ulcer is a hole in the mucous lining of the stomach or intestine, that allows gastric juices to start digesting body tissue, which is painful.

Sometimes they are diagnosed by having the patient drink a barium milkshake, that, when X-rayed, shows the lining of the stomach and any ulcers or tumors (shown in Figure A).

However this technique uses radiation so techniques such as Endoscopy are preferred.

Front 28

11 organ systems:Circulatory System

Back 28

Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Front 29

11 organ systems: Digestive system

Back 29

Takes in food and breaks it down.

Absorbs nutrients.

Removes solid waste from the body.

Front 30

11 organ systems: Respiratory system.

Back 30

Controls breathing.

Exchange gasses in lungs.

Front 31

11 organ systems: Excretory system.

Back 31

Removes liquid waste from the body.

Front 32

11 organ systems: Immune system

Back 32

Defends the body against infections.

Front 33

11 organ systems: Muscular system.

Back 33

Works with the bones to move parts of the body.

Front 34

11 organ systems: Endocrine System

Back 34

Manufactory and releases hormones that act, along with the nervous system, to keep various body systems in balance.

Front 35

11 organ systems: Reproductive System

Back 35

Includes reproductive organs for producing offspring.

Front 36

11 organ systems: Integumentary system.

Back 36

Includes skin, hair, and nails.

Creates a waterproof barrier around the body.

Front 37

11 organ systems: Nervous System.

Back 37

Detects changes in the environment and signals these changes to the body, which then responds.

Front 38

11 organ systems: Skeletal System.

Back 38

Supports, protects, and works with muscles to move parts of the body.

Front 39

Digestive system (In through the mouth)

Back 39

Digestion begins in the mouth.

Teeth mechanically breaks down the food.

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which starts to break down the food chemically.

Pharynx: tube food passes through when swallowed.

Esophagus: Muscular tube that food enters from the pharynx. It contracts and relaxes to push food to the stomach (peristalisis).

Front 40

Digestive system: Into the stomach.

Back 40

The epithelial tissue in the stomach secretes gastric juices(hydrochloric acid and pepsin)

The juices surround the food particles and continue to break them down chemically.

Pepsin breaks down protein.

Lining of stomach secretes mucus to prevent stomach wall from being broken down by acid juices.

Nerves on the stomach can sense the presence of food. They signal to the stomach muscles to churn the stomach contents, continuing the mechinacle breakdown.

Front 41

Digestive system: Small intestine.

Back 41

Stomach contents enters the small intestine when the sphincter relaxes. The first Metre of the small intestine is called the duodenum- this is where the majority of digestion takes place.

Duodenum is connected to the pancreas, liver and gall bladder.

Each of these organs release additional enzymes into the duodenum to aid in completing chemical digestion.

Digested food then moves through the length of the small intestine where it is absorbed into the body.

The small intestine features many folds called villi and micro villi that maximize absorption into the blood stream.

Front 42

Digestive system: Large intestine

Back 42

The final organ in the digestive system.

Has a larger diameter and shorter let than the small intestine.

Functions: to absorb water, vitamins, and various salts from the digested food.

Also responsible for eliminating undigested food(solid waste).

Front 43

Excretory system

Back 43

Responsible for liquid waste.

Blood passes through kidneys and is filtered.

Filtering forms urine containing water and un-needed salts.

Urine is stored in the bladder.

Front 44

Respiratory system: Functions, How it works.

Back 44

Brings oxygen to the body and eliminates carbon dioxide.

Works with the circulatory system.

Muscles cause your diaphragm to contract and moves down and your rib cage moves out.

This causes air to enter your lungs (inhale).

When the muscles relax, your diaphragm moves up and ribs move in causing air to leave your lungs (exhale).

Front 45

Respiratory system: lobes

Back 45

The lungs are divided into different sections called lobes.

The right lung has three lobes. The left has two.

Front 46

Respiratory system: Path of air

Back 46

In through nasal passages to pharynx. Pharynx to trachea. Then into branching tube called bronchi. Bronchi divide into smaller tube called bronchioles. After bronchioles air pass into tin sacs called alveoli.

Alveoli is where gas exchange takes place with the blood stream.

Oxygen is picked up by a protein in your blood cells called hemoglobin.

Carbon dioxide is dropped off to the alveoli and takes the reverse trip out of the the respiratory system

Front 47

Respiratory system: lung damage and gas exchange in other Organisms.

Back 47

Smoking damages lungs. Chemicals in smoke can cause cancer.

Tar builds up overtime.

Fish: water enters mouth and passes over gils. At the gills, oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Front 48

Circulatory system: function and how it works.

Back 48

Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells. Carries waste away from cells and to appropriate organs for elimination.

Heart is a muscle that can contract and relax. Contraction creates pressure that pushes blood through the body. Valves found along the way that prevent blood from flowing backwards.

Front 49

Circulatory system: parts

Back 49

Arteries move blood away from heart. Veins bring blood back to heart. Right atrium receives deooxygenated blood from body through inferior and superior vena cava. Right ventricle pumps deooxygenated blood to lungs through pulmonary vein. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body through aorta.

Front 50

Circulatory system: capillaries

Back 50

Small thin-walled blood vessels.

Bring blood close to tissues so exchange can happen.

Front 51

Circulatory system: heart disease and stroke.

Back 51

There are approx. 70 000 heart attacks in Canada per year. Heart disease is caused by hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis: thickening of the artery walls due to cholesterol or other fatty substances(called plaque). Blood clots can form around the plaque. A blood clot can break free and block blood vessels. Blood clot in the heart: heart attack. Blood clot in the brain: stroke.

Front 52

Circulatory system: Fixing blockages

Back 52

Blockages can be widened using a technique called angioplasty. A balloon is inserted into the artery and then inflated, opening the vessel.

Front 53

Circulatory system: hearts in other Organisms.

Back 53

Open system: Blood empties into all parts of the body (insects). Closed system: Blood stays in arteries and veins (mammals and birds). Fish: one atrium, one ventricle. Amphibians: two atria, one ventricle.

Front 54

Lable the digestive system

Back 54

Front 55

Lable the heart

Back 55

Front 56

Lable the lungs

Back 56

Front 57

Lable the urinary system

Back 57

Front 58

Biophotonics

Back 58

All procedures and devices that use various light technologies to work with living systems, including humans. Endoscopy is an example.

Front 59

Public health strategy

Back 59

A co-ordinate effort to track, research, and reduce the incidence of specific health problems in a population. Ex. The use of vaccinations.

Front 60

Vaccination

Back 60

The process of giving a vaccine by mouth or injection to provide active immunity against a disease. Ex. Worldwide vaccination program for smallpox has virtually eliminated the disease.

Front 61

Cancer screening

Back 61

Tests used to detect cancer cells at an early stage of the disease so that it can be treated more effectively.

Front 62

Fighting infectious diseases

Back 62

The body's first response to an invader is to send a flow of fluid containing white blood cells called phagocytes, and dissolved substances from the blood to the site of infection.

This causes inflammation, swelling, and redness in the area.

The job of the phagocytes is to fight infection. Any material that the body considers foreign and that stimulates this response is called an antigen.