Animals

Front 1

Subkingdom parazoa

Back 1

Includes the sponges, are set apart by their anatomical simplicity from all other animal phylum's

Hint 1

Beside the animals

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Subkingdom eumetozoa

Back 2

Details of embryonic development and other evidence tend to support a theory of an independence origin from sponges

- they have been divided into two types based on body symmetry

1) branch radiata

2) branch bilateral

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Branch radiata

Back 3

A radial animal have a top and a bottom or an oral and aboral side,but no front and back and no left and right

Hint 3

Consist of jelly fish

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Branch bilateral

Back 4

Has not only a top and bottom, but it also has head (anterior) end and a tail (posterior) end, and a left and right

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Cephalization

Back 5

An evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment

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Development and body plan

Back 6

Early in development the animals of the branch bilateria, the embryo becomes triple layered

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Primary growth layer

Back 7

Concentric layers that form the various tissues and organs of the body as development progress

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Ectoderm

Back 8

Gives rise to the outer covering of the animal, and in some animal phyla, to the central nervous system

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Mesoder

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The germ layer that forms the muscles and most other organs between the gut and the outer covering of the animal

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Endoderm

Back 10

The inner most germ layer, lines the primitive gut, or also know as the archent eron, and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and its out pocketing, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates

Front 11

Acoelomates

Back 11

Animals without cavities between the gut (alimentary canal) and the outer bodies wall

Hint 11

Animals with solid bodies

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Pseudocoelom

Back 12

Cavity isn't completely lined by the messoderm

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Coelomates

Back 13

Animals with a true coelom. It is a body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm

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Protostome-deuterostom dichotomy

Back 14

The coelomate phyla can be divided into two distinct evolutionary lines , on the basis of the mode of coelom formation and other differences in the embryology

1) protostomes line

2) deutrostom

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Protostome line

Back 15

Includes annelide , mollustes, and arthropods

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Deuterostom

Back 16

Include ectinodermis and chordates among the phyla of this group

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Subkingdom parazoa

Back 17

-simple multicellular animals

- water is kept moving by the action of flagellated cells that line the spongocoel

- each collar cell is equipped with tiny collars that surround the base of the flagellum

Hint 17

Phylum porifera: sponges

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Phylum porifera

Back 18

Two layers of cells that are separated by a gelatinous region called the mesophyll. The mesophyll contains cells called amoebocytes which have many functions, they take food from water and from choanocytes, digest it and carry nutrients to other cells

Hint 18

Sponges

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Phylum cnidaria

Back 19

-class hydrozoa

- class scyphozoa

-class cubozoa

-class anthrozoa

They all have stinging cells called cnidocytes, which function as a defence mechanism and as a way to capture there prey. They have mouth which lead into the gastrovascular cavity. They have two definite tissue layers

1) the outer epidermis

2) the inner gastrodermis

They have two body shapes

1) the polyp

2) the Medusa

Hint 19

Jelly fish

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Class Hydrozoa

Back 20

It lives attached to a rock, twig, or leaf, by a pedal disk of cells. At the outer end they have a mouth which connect to the gasytrovascular cavity

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Class scyphozoa

Back 21

Largest jelly fish belong to the genur cyanea.

The Medusa is the more common form

Hint 21

Jelly fish

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Class anthozoa

Back 22

They occur only as polyp. They live as solitarybor colonial forms and they secret hard external skeleton. Each is built on the remains or previous generations

Hint 22

Corals

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Phylum ctenophora

Back 23

They are considered the largest to use cilia for locomotion. The tentacles beat adhesive structure called colloblasts

Hint 23

Comb jellies

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Phylum platyhelminthes

Back 24

Flat worms have gastrovascular cavities with only one opening. There are four classes

1) class plathelminther

2) class turbellaria

3) class termatoda

4) class cestodea

Hint 24

Flat worms

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Class turbella

Back 25

Are free-living. Planarians are canivorous -trapping small animals. The digestive system consist of one opening (mouth) a pharynx and a branched intestine. It can project its pharynx outward through the mouth to suck up small prices of prey. Reproduce by constricting at the middle and splitting

Hint 25

Common american planarian

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Class termatoda

Back 26

Have 1 or more suckers with which they cling to the host

Hint 26

Flukes

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Class cestodea

Back 27

Highly specialized for their parasitic mode. Suckers or hooks on the head (called a scolex) which enables the parasite to maintain its attachment to the host intestine . consist of a long chain of segments called prottids

Hint 27

Tape worm

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Phylum nemertea

Back 28

Non parasitic. There most remarkable organ is the probascis, a long hollow muscular tube that can be everted from their anterior of their body for use for capturing food or seizing

Hint 28

Probiscis worms

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Phylum nematoda

Back 29

They belong to the pseudocolmate. They lack circular muscles,

Hint 29

Round worms

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Phylum rotifera

Back 30

They have a crown of cilia on the anterior end. Have a complete digestive tract. Produce cells called "parthogenisis" produce degenerate males

Hint 30

Wheel animals

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Phylum mullusca

Back 31

- Have a muscular foot for movement

- a visceral mass containing most of the internal organ

- a mantle which is a heavy fold of tissue that craps over the visceral mass, and may secret a shell

- radula used to scrape up food

- there sexes are separated by gonads

Hint 31

Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopus, and squid

Front 32

Class gastropoda

Back 32

Well developed head with tentacles. They have torsion which results from one side of the body developing faster than the other making the body for a U shape

Hint 32

Snails and their relatives

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Phylum cordata

Back 33

Tunicate

Lancelets

Vertebrates

Front 34

Subphylum urchordateb

Back 34

Sea squirts an there relatives. The adults are barrel shaped sessile marine animals. They have two opening

1) incurrent siphone

2) excurrent siphone

Hint 34

Tunicate (no backbone)

Front 35

Subphylum cephalochordata

Back 35

Widely distributed in shallow seas. They have a blade like shape, closely resemble the idealized cordate

Hint 35

Lancelets (no backbone)

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Subphylum vertebrata

Back 36

Have there own features

1) special covering called skin

2) spinal column

3) closed circulatory system

4) a pair of kidneys to remove waste from the blood

5) the brain is encased in some kind of skull

6) endocrine glandular system is distributed throughout the body. This helps regulate physiology and behavior , by meaning of hormones

7) typical body has a head a trunk and a tail usually a fore and hind appendage and sometimes a neck

8) sexes are usually separated

Hint 36

With a backbone

Front 37

Animal tissues

Back 37

In most animals cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems. They my be classified as epithelia, muscular, and nervous

Front 38

Epithelium

Back 38

Consist of cells fitted tightly together forming a continuous layer of sheet cells, covering a body surface, or lining a cavity with the body. There are three types

1) squamous

2) cuboidal

3) columnarn

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Squamous epithelia cells

Back 39

Thin flattened cells shaped like pancakes

Front 40

Cuboidal epithelial cells

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Are short cylindrical cells that inside are cube-shaped, resembling a dice. Each cell has a complex usually eight sided

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Columnal epithelial cells

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Look like tiny columns or cylinders when viewed from the sixe . the nucleus located near the base of the cell

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Simple epithelial tissues

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That is composed of one layer of cells

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Stratified epithelial tissues

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Composed of more than one layer of cells

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Pseudo stratified tissues

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They falsely appear to be layered but are actually only one layer

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Connective tissue

Back 45

Main function is to join together the other tissues of the body. Many kinds:

- loose dense

- elastic

- reticular

- adipose

- cartilage

- bone

- blood

Front 46

Loose connective tissue

Back 46

Filling between the parts of the body and serves as a reservoir. Nerves, blood vessels, and muscles are wrapped in this tissues. Together with adipose tissue it forms subcutaneous layers

Front 47

Dense connective tissue

Back 47

very strong yet somewhat flexible. Collagen fibers predominate. Found in the lower dermis of the skin.

- irregular: the collagen fibers are arranged in bundles distributed in all directions through the tissue

- regular: the collage bundles are arranged in definite patterns making the tendons greatly resistant to stress

- tendons are the cable-like cord that connects muscle to bone

Front 48

Adipose connective tissue

Back 48

Rich in fat cells which store fat and release it when fuel is needed for cellular respiration . it is found in the subcutaneous layer and also in the tissue that cushions the internal organs

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Cartilage

Back 49

Is the supporting skeleton in the embryonic stages in all vertebrates. They lack nerves and lymph vessels and blood vessels.

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Bones

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Highly vascular tissue with a substantial blood supply.

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Blood

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Plasma

Red blood cells

White books cells

Platelets

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Muscle tissues

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The contraction of the elongated, cylindrical or spindle cells of muscle tissues

There are three types

1) cardiac

2)smooth muscle tissues

3) skeletal muscles

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Cardiac muscle

Back 53

Are present in the walls of the heart

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Smooth muscle

Back 54

Occurs in the walls of the digestive tract, uterus, blood vessels, and certain internal organs

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Skeletal muscle

Back 55

Make up the large muscle masses attached to the bones of the body

Front 56

Nervous tissue

Back 56

Composed of neurons that are specialized for conducting electrochemical nerve impulses, and glial cells that support and nourish the neuron

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Neurons

Back 57

Receive signals from external or internal environments and transmit them to the spinal cord and brain

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Dendrites

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Are fibers specialized to conduct impulses either from the environment stimuli or from other cells

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Axons

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Usually are long and smooth but may give the occasional branch. They topically end in a group of branches.

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Circulatory system

Back 60

Two types

1) open

2) closedn

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Open circulatory sysytem

Back 61

The blood is not always contained within blood vessels. A heart pumps blood into vessels and then the vessels empty either into a body cavity where blood baths the internal organs, or into the sinuses located within the organs themselves

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Closed circulatory systemb

Back 62

The blood is always contained within blood vessels and the pumping of the heart keeps the blood moving in this system

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Human circulatory system

Back 63

Use a closed circulatory system

Front 64

Blood cell types

Back 64

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Hemoglobin

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Red blood cells

Back 65

Very small cells packed with hemoglobin. Are manufactured in the red bone marrow

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White blood cells

Back 66

Are usually larger than the red blood cells. Some contain many granules which can bind with certain stains

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Hemoglobin

Back 67

Inside erythrocytes and reversibly bind with oxygen