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219 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what drives the pet industry

accessories

% of households in the US that own at least on pet

almost 70

most common cause of companion animal ailments

nutritional health

major problem in dogs

obesity

negativity of____ in dog food

byproduct

main $ making industry based on

marketing

which amino acids in cat food

taurine and arginine

look mainly at what when buying pet food

%protein and %fat

important in food and a type of fill

grain

pet food with fixed formula sold through specialty stores or veterinarians

premium

what type of food do companies want you to buy

high moisture cause they are mostly water

dogs running sheep does what

release epinephrine, increase adrenaline and muscle mass

more protein means less

poop

beta carotene from plant sources found in what

dog food

cats cant metabolize

propylene glycol

ideal body condition for pets

3

what is given to dogs if they eat chocolate

hydrogen peroxide

in chocolate, cant be metabolized

theobromine

what is bad about antifreeze

contains ethylene glycol, one teaspoon causes rapid destruction of cells in renal tube

what does rat poison do

prevents blood clotting, creates internal bleeding

vitamin needed for proper blood clotting

vitamin k

why are pesticides more common in cats

due to lower activity of liver enzymes

products now are based on

pyrethrum

plants toxic to cats

easter lillies, tiger lillies, day lillies

how many ounces of chocolate can kill a small dog

4

what prevents ticks and chiggers in the area

fire ants

proglotid

egg of tapeworm

monenzia

tape worm

tapeworm caused by

ingestion of fleas

intestinal cramping and diarrhea but goes unnoticed

signs of tapeworm

how to treat tapeworms

hard to treat, use dewormers

zoonotic worm that lives in intestine of animals, most common cause of blindness in children

round worms

dull hair, pot bellied,weight loss, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea

signs of round worms

how to treat round worms

dewormer containing pyrantel pamoate for 2-3 weeks

small parasite ound in the intestine that feed by puncturing the blood vessel

hook worm

diarrhea, vomiting, poor apetitie, weakness, pale mucous membrane, anemia, death

signs of hook worm

how to treat hookworm

same as roundworm

small parasite that only affects dogs, feed by burying their head into the walls of the small intestine

whip worms

diarrhea, weight loss, electrolyte abnormalities that might cause seizures

signs of whip worms

treatment of whip worms

dewormer containing tenbendazole, dispose of food and toys that might contain eggs

deep chest cough, fatigue and lethargy, weight loss, labored respiration, abdominal distention or bloating

signs of heart worm

canine infectious diseases

distemper, hepatitis, parvos, corona, rabies

feline infectious diseases

peritonitis, rhinotracheitis, leukemia, rabies

zoonotic diseases

rabies, salmonella, lyme, giardia, ring worm, toxoplasmosis

beaver fever

giardia

bigger problem because of deer feeders

lyme disease

ideal age for dog breeding

2-6 years

how many estrous cycles per year in dog

2

estrus of dog

5 to 9 days

gestation of dog

58-60 days

when do female cats reach puberty

6-9 montsh

seasonally polyesterus induced ovularos

cats

male hormones

testosterone


FH


LAH

CIDR

encoded with progesterone queen hormone

need volume

testes

what does AI do

deposit sperm closer to uterine horn

how many sperm cells aday

4 billion

prostate, seminal vesicles and ampula make up what

accesory glands, buffer tracks to not kill sperm

what happens when retractor penis muscle is relaed

erect

caput

head

cauda

tail

vas deferens

where vas sectomy occurs

fertilize at what temp

4-5 cooler than body

enzyme to cut into egg

acryzome

spermtogenisis

produce and maintain supply of sperm

how long is spermatogenisis

60 days

how to detetect females in estrus

pheromones, visual cues

functions of male

spermatogenisis, detects estrus, insiminate

when to mate

before ovulation

capacitation

acrysomal reaction

contains vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, external cremaster muscle nerves

spermatic cord

transport sperm during ejaculation

vas deferens

sperm producing cells true germinal epithelium

seminiferous

raises and lowers scrotum depending on temp

external cremaster

maturation of spermatazoa

corpus epididymis

final maturation, only sperm capable of fertilizing egg, storage, only sperm capable of fertilization

cauda epididymis

function in sperm transport from seminiferous tubules

rete testis

white outer covering that holds evertyhing together

tunica albuginea

function in maturation of spermatazoa, fluid absorption

caput

where sperm is produced, supports spermatogenisis

sercolli

looks fo estrous

flemen response

causes epididomitis, inflammation, sterile and transmittible

brucella ovis

testosterone synthesis

leydig cells

function of testes

produce testosterone, leydig cells stimulated by LH from anterior pituatary

testosterone function

stimulates secondary sex characteristics, maintains libido, maintains function of male reproductive tract

1st major factors of the scrotum

location of testes(outside and away from body for circulation)


low insulation


sweat gland richly endowed


tunica daros lining scrotal wall


change in testes location


change in scrotal surface area

2nd major factor

blood supply to testis


pampiniform plexus

cryptorchidism

when testes dont descend into scrotum

bilateral

sterile, no live sperm

unilateral

fertile, live sperm, reduce sperm producing capacity

neither testes descend into scrotum

bilateral

function of epididymis

storage of sperm- cauda, only half sperm produced make it to this point


can be stored for several weeks

fate of ejaculated sperm

reabsorbed by excurrent duct


sperm lost in urine, 87%


masturbation loss of sperm

how are sperm and volume concentration related

inversly related

sheep have

high conentration, low volume

swine have

high volume, low concentration

corpus luteum does what

in ovary produces progesterone

when sperm cells go in circles

cold shock

not present in horses

sigmoid flexture

BSE CHECKS WHAT

fertility(motility and morphology), BCS, feet

when do you do a BSE

60 days before wanting to mate

what do you do to feet

hoof trim

fertility influenced by

environment

functions of the female repro tract

control activity of organs with hormones,transport sperm, produce oocyte,facilitate fertilization,provide environment for embryo and fetus,give birth to fetus, recycle to become pregnant again, provide nutrients to young

first barrier to sperm cells

cervix

uterine cntractions caused by

oxytocine

guides egg in to repro tract

infidibutum

stimulation of myometrial contractions

transport system

how long for fertilized egg to reach its place

7 days

dialation of cervix, strong uterine contractions

giving birth

involution of uterus, return to positive enrgy balance

recycle to become pregnant again

passageway for urine, receptor for penis during copulation, passageway for fetus

vulva

female organ of copulation and mating, birth canal at parturition, muscosal surface that changes during estrous

vagina

what does lubrication and acidic pH of vagina do

prevents bacteria

thick wall extension of uterus, passageway for sperm following breeding, species specific, secretes mucous to seal off during pregnancy

cervix

cervix for corkscrew male

pig

cervix with no fold

horse

cervix with 4-5 annular rings

cow

function of cervix

transport sperm, barrier to sperm, reservoir for sperm,blocking bacterial invasion, birth canal

womb, incubator for fertilized ovum, aids travel of sperm, secretory organ

uterus

what determines length of horns

length of ovulation

longest horns

pigs

gets rid of CL

prosglotid

how many eggs for every CL sight

1

CL secretes

progesterone

functions of uterus

transport sperm, muscle contractions, sperm motility, absorption and phagocytosis, partially prepares sperm for fertilizaion, provides environment for embryo, supports development of fetus, expels fetus, recovers from pregnancy

what does uterus do to sperm

capacitate for acryzomal reaction

outer covering of embryo

zona pelucida

site of ovulation

AIJ

what happens if not pregnant

uterine endometrium releases prostaglandin to cause CL to regress

what happens if pregnant

embryo provides chemical signal that allows for CL to be maintained

Oviductal functions

transport sperm to site of fertilization


reduce sperm numbers to prevent polyspermy, remove oocyte from surface of ovary


Transport oocyte to site of fertilization

suspensory support of the repro tract

broad ligament

broad ligament

holds repro tract to where it needs to be

eggs locked in which phase of meiosis

prophase

2 ovaries, produces the fmale gamete, produces female sex hormone

ovary

does CL mean you are pregnant

no

where is prostoglandin made and what does it do

uterus, gets rid of CL

ovarian cortex

contains female germ cell outside, oocytes, follicles,CL

Medulla

Inside, contains connective tissue, blood vessel, lymphatic nerves

mare has inversion of what

cortex and medulla

home of pregnancy

CL

ovulation nerve on horse

ovulation fossa

given to feedlot heifer

MGA

blister like structure on ovary that contains ovum and hormone rich fluid

follicle

graffian

mature follicle

arteric

detoriated follicle

cystic

continous CL or graffian or arteric

CH

contains blood lymph and granulosa cells, occurs before the CL and the CA, after ovulation

after ovulation order

graffia,->CH->CL->CA

yellow body that forms after ovulation, produces progesterone

CL

composed of luteal cells that originate from granulosa and thecal cells of the grafian follicle

CL

Function to produce progesterone that:

inhibits estrus and parturition, blocks myometrial contractions, stimulates endometrial secretion of nutrients, stimulates the productions of a luteolytic agent

what does uterus listen for

inferon tau to know you are pregnant

white body, regressed CL, caused by prostaglandin

CA

stress hormone

cortosol

use what to get rid of CL

prostoglandin

Gonodotropin relasing hormone secreted by

hypothalamus

gonodotropin acts upon

anterior pituatary

gonodotropin stimulates

release of fsh

hypothalamic hormone that provides the ositive drive for secretion of both LH and FSH by anterior pituatary

GnRH

Maturing of follicle and sperm, secreted by anterior pituatary, acts upon ovary, induces ovulation and development of CL, stimulates testosterone

LH

secreted by the anterior pituatary, acts upon ovary, needed in very small amounts. Induces follicular development, induces estrogen production, stimulates spermatogenisis

FSH

secreted by the follicle, negative feedback, acts upon anterior pituatary, causes reduction of FSH

Inhibin

secreted by the follocle, responsible for estrus, influence mobility and secretory function in the reproductive tract, uterine milk, responsible for early stage development of the mammary gland

estrogen

secreted by the CL, hormone of pregnancy, maintanence, final maturation of the mammary gland, negative feedback of the hypothalamus

Progesterone

secreted by posterior pituatary, and CL. Acts upon smooth muscle, causes contractions of smooth muscle, milk let down, uterin contractions

oxytocin

secreted by the uteine lining, acts upon CL, produced by endometrium of the non pregnant uterus, causes regression of CL, causes uterine contraction, gives pregnant or open signal

Prostaglandin

in cattle and sheep, pregnancy recognitions signal, produced by fertilized ovum, recieved by uterus, block leukocytes

Inferion tau

estrus duration 12 hours

cow

estrus duration 24-36 hours

sheep

estrus of 48-54 hours

swine

estrus duration of 6 days

horse

Makes CL group, ovulates

LH

High in what on day 0

Estrogen due to estrus

Made in graffian

Estrogen

Made by fertilized ovum

Inferion

Release gonads, follicles recruited in 24 hours

GnRH

Why synchronize estrous

Scheduled calving, more heats per breeding season,problem cows identified,early conception, increased heifer management, facilitates the use of AI

Natural synchronization method, synchronizing females spontaneously, surge in LH

Ram effect

Cause leutolysis, shorten the current estrous cycle starting every animal at the same stage

Prostoglandins

Keep all animals at the same state until progestins are removed and they cycle together, produced by CL

Progestins

Timing specific

Progesterone

Used as a management tool, guessing

Prostoglanding

Will only work on cycling females, must have CL present

Prostoglandins

Controlled intervaginal drug release,progesterone insert commonly used to synchronize estrus herds, effective in non cycling heifers

CIDR

Progesterone released over how long by CIDR

7 days

How long after CIDR removal will estrus show

24-48 hrs

Progesterone to surpress heat in feedlot heifers

MGA

gomer bull

teaser, detects for estrus

when can prostoglandin be used as synchronization

when CL is on ovary

insemination for cow

retrocerviacl

rule for timing of insimination for cow

AM/PM


cows detected in the morning are bred in the afternoon and vice versa

insemination for sow

cervical-counter clockwise rotation of the cervix

insemination of mare

vaginocervical, can also be done rectally, dependant on size of follicel

insimination for sheep, goat and deer

laparoscopy- surgically place sperm in uterine horn

additional insemination for goat

speculum- allows for visual inspection

how are bull, rams and stallions sperm collected

artificial vagina

inserted in rectum to sit on accessory gland, stimulates nerve over bulbourethral gland

electro ejaculation

sperm diluted with what to make it last longer

extender

extender made up of

frusctose, double distilled water, antibiotics, glycerol, egg yolk

can regular water be given to sperm

no, it will kill it

takes water out of sperm cell and displaces it, does not hurt sperm or embryo

glycerol

has cholesterol for lipids to make cell membrane elastic

egg yolk

kills sperm, must be careful to remove

egg white

semen that cannot be frozen

turkey

semen that freezes best

bull

what must be done before AI

heat detection

paturition initiated by

cortisol, stress hormone, from fetal adrenal cortex

what happens when start to give birth

progesterone declines, estrogen, prostoglandin, oxytocin rise

helps to relax cartilage and ligaments in the pelvic region

relaxin

uses FSH

super ovulation

induction of follicular development in excess of the normal number. saving follicle that would become atretic

follicular rescue

what must be done for super ovulation

estrous cycles of the donor and recepient must be synchronized using things such as synchromate B

donor should be bred with two units of semen when

12 hours post estrus and one unit of semen 24 hours post estrus

the recepient females must have what

synchronous estrouss cycles with the donor to achieve pregnancy

when should embryos be collected and why

7 days because this is when theyd have CL, are high in progesterone and are in oviduct horn

used to collect embryos, inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus and held in place by an inflatable cuff

foley catheter

makes things slick and keeps from sticking, embryos flushed out of donor uterus with this

phosphate buffered saline