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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Oxford definition of pets? What is wrong with the definition?
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It is any animal that is domesticated or tamed and kept as a favorite or treated with indulgence or fondness. However, this definition broadly defines animals that are use for no practical or economical purpose.
Police KP Chinchillas |
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What is one anthropological idea for pet keeping?
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In hunting societies, pet keeping would be very valuable for their children's education. If a child were to have a small nestling, it could learn how the animal acts and reacts which would make a child a better hunter in the future. If you do not know how an animal reacts/behaves, you will be unable to outwit it.
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Companion animals fulfill humans...
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affiliative needs. This is because humans have social needs. Even those who do not interact/socialize with humans have social requirements and will often interact with animals
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Companion animals provide humans with benefits
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Economical, psychological, social
- Therapy animals help us become socially interactive -Overcome debilitation -Stress relievers -Lower heart rate; lower BP (Cardiovascular benefit) -Non-judgemental -Surrogate family members -Used to meet other people |
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Approx. ____ % of US Household owns 1 animal
- ___ cats -____ dogs -____birds |
62%, 30%, 36%, 3%
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Households usually own more than one
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Cat
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How has the economy catered to pet ownership
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toys, pet food, marketing, veterinary services, trainers, massages, pet hotels, dog radio, day cares
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Some business allow people to take their pets to work because it is said to
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improve their working habits
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Domestication as defined by archraezoologist is
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any species that has been bred in captivity for the purposes of economic profit and that human community maintains master over food, breeding, and territory (note: not a single animal, but species)
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Domestication is a
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process; does not occur instantaneously. It is a process that allows a species to live in close association with humans. Humans maintain control over that species.
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Controlled species
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An animal in a zoo is controlled, it has not evolved to live with humans. It can become wild again.
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Domesticated species can be a
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plant or an animal
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Food, breeding, and territory indicates the idea of
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cultural control
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What is cultural control
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animals are obtained by the providing of food, limiting/expanding amount of territory they have, and deciding who can breed to whom
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Some species we took as companion animals are not yet domesticated; these species are
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parrot, sugar gliders, hedgehog
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Zoo animals are culturally controlled because
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they have not been bred for purpose in mind. Therefore, they are not domesticated.
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Tame
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refers to a single animal which has a reduced tendency to flee from humans; a decrease flight distance
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It is believed that ___ was the first step in domestication
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Taming
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A tame animal will not necessarily produce
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tame offspring
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How many generations to convert from a wild species to a domesticated species
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30
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Domesticates species show both genetic and behavioral changes from their wild ancestors. Give one example
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The dog brain is less complex then the wolf.
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Tame/Captive animals are not necessarily
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domesticated
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Feral refers
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refers to an individual animal that has been domesticated, but released back into the wild such that it is no longer reliant upon human control (breed, territory, food)
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Can a domesticated species when its feral ever become wild again?
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No; a feral dogs brain is more similar to the dog than a wolf. However, they will readapt to live in their natural environment, but they will never become like their ancestors.
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Evidence from historical sites that show animals were in close association with humans
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more young/old animals associated with humans, proportion of sexes associated with human sites (more females then males), morphological changes, artistic representation, objects associated with animal husbandry, animals found in areas where the wild species are not found (koalas), ritualized burials
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Rank the animal domestication
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dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses
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Species with rapid reproduction
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will become domesticated much more rapidly
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Animals may become domesticated by
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Initiated by humans (capture wild animal)
-Most recently; will be much faster Initiated by animals -Symbiotic relationship -Believed to be the process for ancestral domestication |
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How would domestication be animal initiated
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Humans creating more sedentary lifestyle, they would have a refuge pile which would give easy food access for inquisitive animals that WERE WILLING to be near humans - shows a symbiotic relationship because the wolves/dogs that would scavenge from the pile would make calls when prey were near alerting the community
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Capturing animals in ancient time was
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insufficient for domestication
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Example of symbiotic relationship
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American honey guide bird will guide humans near bee hives. This bird eats larvae and wax, but needs access to the hive. Will lead humans to follow It to the hive (through its call) and allow the humans to knock down the hive and collect the honey, leaving the wax and larvae for the bird
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What would be needed for a human to initiate domestication back in historical times
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If you take a wolf pup at 13 days of age, bottle feed, and socialize with a human in order to tame. However, you would have to do this with A LOT of pups in order to build a population. This shows that historically, it was easier to domesticate if animals initiate it.
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Traits favorable to domestication
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(1) Social Structure - Social hierarchy (leader-follower)
-More likely to take instructions from humans -Reduces conflict and aggression -Animals can be house together (won't need individual pens) -Males/Females can live together (snow leopard will kill male unless in hear) (2) Sexual Behavior -Promiscuity: the male/female will breed with whatever opposite sex is present (used for economic profit) -Male dominant over females (fewer males historically, so they needed to be in charge) -Postural signals of reproduction- physical behaviors that indicate reproductive receptivity in contrast to physical ornamentation (3)Parent young interaction - allows multiple species to interact with young (4) Respond to humans - decreased flight distance. (5) Other - flexibility with diet; escapes a lot? |
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Consequences of domestication
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(1) Neoteny - Retention of juvenile (ancestral) traits and those traits can be behavioral or physical in adulthood (juvenile wolf will bark, adult wolf quiet, adult dog barks)
(2) Increased in fertility (more active repro cycles) -Puberty occurs earlier -Larger litters (3) Decrease in stress levels (decrease in size of adrenal glands, promotes pigment development) (4) Decrease skills for independent survival -Decrease perception/alertness of environment -Brain smaller (5) Increase in genetically unfavorable traits (hairless) |
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Evidence that the dog evolved from the wolf
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(1) Same number of chromosomes
(2) Similar mitochondrial DNA (evidence of lineage) -Passed from mothers (3) Similar behaviors and social structure (pack like) (4) Wide adaptability and species in the wolf |
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Where did the first dog originate?
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Europe? Middle East? China? East Asia?
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The modern dog has ___ distinct lineages
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4-5
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Dogs came across the _____ into _____
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Bering straight into north America; population exploded
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The native wolf has not contributed recently to the domestic dog (no contamination). Predominantly due to behavior (not the same social circle) If any contamination were to occur it would be
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feral dog to coyote.
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Raymon Coppinger
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studied wolf development
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Wolf development stages
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(1) Pup that is reactive sits outside of the den and startles at novelty (barks/scurries back to den)
(2) Pup plays with objects (play behavior) (3) Pup stalks toy (stops forward motion) (4) Pup follows parent and assist in the hunt (nips heels) (5) Mature wolf behavior |
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Coppinger believed that
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certain modern domestic breeds may be locked in #s 1-4 stages (neotenic stages)
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Behavior potential
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indicates the possible range of action which can be considered genetically controlled
The precise behavior that is exhibited is not controlled by genetic because it is overlaid by environmental conditions. |
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You can modify behavior potential by environment. It is
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best at early ages. Interaction and exposure to many different environments at a young age is important in developing and understanding that different is not dangerous.
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Slight stress empowers
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the body to be more successful in the future, different is not necessarily dangerous
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Socialization/Imprinting occurs
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at a young age. Can be modified by environment (chi raised with cats- thought it was a cat)
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Konrad Lorenz
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Birds - Hand raised them. When they were an adult they tried to breed with him, feed him, etc.
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Altricial
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Development continues past birth - post natal (blind, dead, immature, brain paths have not developed)
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Starting at 3 weeks
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eyes start to open, ears start to function
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Curiosity starts to rise at
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3 weeks, peaks at 5-7 weeks and starts to decline
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Fear sets in at
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about five weeks of age (you want to expose the animal to new situations, before the response of fear sets in)
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Mature at
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12 weeks
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Communication is
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the transmission of information that alters the receivers behavior (if you are in the closet talking to yourself and unless you change your behavior that is not communication). Communication is giving information that is going to affect/alter whoever is receiving that information
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How communication is achieved is greatly dependent on
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the behavior of the animal
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Body structures can represent
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the position on the social hierarchy
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Dominant dog will be/Submissive dog
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More up in its shoulders, its ears will be more erect, and it will be more confident when it approaches.
Lower in its shoulders, ears will be back/down, and approach lower to the ground |
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Visual communication
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Visual displays (stereotypical - species knows exactly what it means) Its what the animal gives in term of body language which is detectable by the other animal.
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Visual communication is ______ favored
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evolutionary favored - it doesn't take a lot of effort - its cheaper
Parents will train offspring what the visual display is |
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Animals recognize owner based on
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visual cues not scent
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Olfactory communication
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Scent/Pheromones (long lasting, great distance)
(1) Social belonging - gives social structure (scent), territory, trails (snakes, ants) (2) Age - Some animals may be physically large, but are still juveniles and you want the other animals to recognize that so they don't come down on them hard for foolish behavior (3) Reproductive female spreads her pheromones and all the males in the neighborhood come |
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Pheromones are specific for
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communication or break down products
-female dog in heat has a lot of steroid that break down into pheromones |
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Bunting
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The depositing of scent from the sebaceous glands on the side of a cats cheek
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When a cat rubs up against you
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it is depositing its scent and saying your mine
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When a cat lowers its head to be pet
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is a neotenic trait
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Tactile communication is
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physical touching
(1) Mutual grooming - spreads scent onto each other which serves as group identification |
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Vocalization
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Important in altering, sexual reproduction, escaping
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Patricia Bean McConnel
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Studied how people and animals communicate with one another
(1) To increase activity use a series of rapid, rising, high sounds which will increase brain activity (2) To inhibit activity use a single, low, descending note which decreases brain activity (growl) |
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How an animal behaves and communicates is impacted by
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the structure of the animal
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Skeleton or morphology in general is a composite of
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genetic input and environment
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Genetics governs general sort of shape and structure, but
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there are environmental conditions that can alter that
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Bones constructed to
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withstand forces of locomotion (5-7 times normal force). Serves as a built in safety factor
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When a cat leaps or jumps it needs to have shock absorption...
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It has very strong reinforcement in a pillar like fashion (rigid) but has very little lateral mobility
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Cats have more bones than
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a human because it has a tail
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What holds the spine of a cat together? How does this differ from the human?
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Mostly muscle allows flexibility and improved predation. Strong ligaments hold the spine of a human allowing it to walk upright
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Stride length is
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the distance covered between footfalls
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Increase stride length = ? = ?
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increased speed; decreased friction of foot on ground
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Stride length is affected by
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(1) vestigial clavicle
-greatly reduced clavicle; cats shoulders are narrower; increases forward direction; allows to get into small places. (2) Flexible spine- 3x its body length in one stride -front legs land behind back legs; propelling it -takes lot of energy (3) Foot shape/form -impacts leg length |
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Plantigrade
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walking on soles of feet (squirrel, humans, bears, raccoons); flat foot; stable; shortest leg length
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Digitigrade
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Walking on the balls of the foot (cat, dog) gives a slightly longer leg length, but is less stable. Longer stride length (dogs, cats)
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Unguligrade
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walking on the toe tips (deer, horses, cows) least stable but longest stride and leg length (prey)
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Righting reflex
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(1) Recognition of improper orientation via vision and vestibular apparatus
-kittens cant form as well because sense are not as developed (2) Flips head to be properly oriented (3) Forebody flips (4) Rear body flips (5) Arches back (shock absorption) and stiffens legs |
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Binocular/Stereoscopic vision gives
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depth perception; overlap vision of the two eyes
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Visual field is
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peripheral vision of one eye
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Human vision
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B: 120 V: 210
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Cat vision
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B:130 V:285
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Bracycephalic breeds vision
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B:110 V:250
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Dolichocephalic vision
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B:80 V: 290
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Horse vision
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B: 65 V: 350
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Predators have eyes to
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the front; greater depth perception
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Prey have eyes to
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the side; greater visual field
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