Animal Science Exam Four

Front 1

Adaptation

Back 1

Long term changes in animals in response to their environment that are genetically based.

Front 2

Acclimatization

Back 2

Adaptation of an animal to environmental factors over a period of days or weeks (i.e. increase red blood cells in high altitude)

Front 3

Conduction

Back 3

Exchange of heat from warm to cold between objects that are touching

Front 4

Convection

Back 4

Flow of heat from warm to cold through air or water.

Front 5

Critical Temperature

Back 5

The temperature below (lower critical temperature) which the animal must make physiological adjustments to maintain its body temperature. Upper critical temperature is that temperature at which the animal makes adjustments to try and cool its body.

Front 6

Effective Temperature

Back 6

The total heating or cooling power of the environment. Ambient temperature is affected is affected by wind, humidity, and solar radiation.

Front 7

Evaporation

Back 7

Loss of heat through vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and skin.

Front 8

Homeotherm

Back 8

Animals that maintain a relatively constant body temperature regardless of external temperatures.

Front 9

Horse
Normal Body Temperature

Back 9

100 F

Front 10

Cattle
Normal Body Temperature

Back 10

101.5 F

Front 11

Sheep
Normal Body Temperature

Back 11

102 F

Front 12

Goats
Normal Body Temperature

Back 12

102 F

Front 13

Swine
Normal Body Temperature

Back 13

102.5 F

Front 14

Chickens
Normal Body Temperature

Back 14

107 F

Front 15

Radiation

Back 15

The exchange of heat between two objects that are not touching. Can result in loss or gain of heat.

Front 16

Thermoneutral ZONE

Back 16

Range of temperatures where heat loss and heat production are about the same. Animal is in comfort zone---no physiological response to temperature.

Front 17

Factors Affecting Critical Temperature

Back 17

1. Haircoat
2. Subcutaneous fat
3. Nutritional level
4. Is the animal wet or dry

Front 18

Hormonal Response to Temperature Stress--(Thyroxine)

Back 18

Produced by the thyroid gland, increases during cold stress and decreases during heat stress.

Front 19

Hormonal Response to Temperature Stress--(Corticoids)

Back 19

Produced by the adrenal gland, increased during cold stress, decreased during heat stress.

Front 20

Summer months conducive/limiting to livestock production. Why? What's an exception.

Back 20

Limiting. Because most of our farm animals are not well adapted to dissipating heat. A notable exception is Brahman.

Front 21

Methods of Reducing Stress during hot periods!

Back 21

1. Shade
2. Evaporative Cooling
3. Refrigeration

Front 22

Describe shade as a method of reducing stress during hot periods.

Back 22

Cheapest and simplest method of reducing heat stress due to solar radiation.

Properly designed shades will reduce radiant heat gain by up to 50%.

Front 23

What defines "proper shade"?

Back 23

1. 10-12' high
2. Atop a hill if possible
3. Top is white or shinny (reflective
4. Underside is dull and dark

Front 24

Describe evaporative cooling as a method of reducing stress during hot periods.

Back 24

One of the most effective ways to control heat stress, ESPECIALLY IN SWINE

Sprinklers, foggers, and wallows are most effective. Evaporative coolers are used in many poultry houses.

Front 25

Other examples of evaporative cooling.

Back 25

Cooling Pads and Tunnel Ventilation.

Front 26

Describe refrigeration as a method of reducing stress during hot periods.

Back 26

Refrigerated air conditioning is costly.

Some are pulling air through underground ducts into a barn which may cool the air down into the mid 60s.

Zone Cooling. . .

Front 27

According to a Kansas State study, ADG increase from. . .

Back 27

Control to Fogged to Sprinkled.

Front 28

According to a Kansas State study, Daily Intake increase from. . .

Back 28

Control to Fogged to Sprinkled.

Front 29

According to a Kansas State study, Feed/Gain increase from. . .

Back 29

Sprinkled to Control to Fogged.

Front 30

What is Zone cooling?

Back 30

Part of the Refrigeration method. AKA blowing hair onto the head. It has been effective in SOWS in farrowing houses who have shown increased milk production.

Front 31

Talk about Feed and Water Needs during Stress.

Back 31

1. Water intake during heavy stress increases 50-100%

2. Cali research project shows that ADG in feedlot cattle increases by .5 lbs per day by cooling water from 90 to 65 F.

Front 32

With any species, high fiber diets contribute to what?

Back 32

HEAT STRESS

Front 33

What is depressed during heat stress?

Back 33

Feed intake.

Front 34

How can one combat the depression of feed intake during heat stress?

Back 34

Poultry producers "Top dress" rations with B VITAMINS to increase appetite, trace minerals, and high energy feeds like animal fat to keep production levels high.