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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Displaced Abomasum (DA) |
The abnormality involving the abomasum which usually occurs following parturition |
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Abomasum |
Chamber of the pseudo-ruminant stomach which acts as the true stomach and therefore secrets gastric juices |
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Difference between the stomach of the horse and of other animals |
Does not have extensive muscular contractions Has much lower capacity Much smaller body % |
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Ventricular (Gizzard) |
Structure of an avian (poultry) stomach which crushes the feed |
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Jejunem |
The section of the small intestine in which most absorption occurs |
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Cecum |
The portion of the hindgut fermenters' digestive tract in which fermentation occurs |
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Colon |
The part of the digestive tract in which undigested feed is formed into fecal material |
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Enzyme |
Responsible for the process of chemical digestion |
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Proximate Analysis |
The series of analytical procedures used to determine the chemical content of feeds |
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Alveoli |
The structure within the udder which produces the milk |
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Myoepithelial Cells |
Smooth muscle responsible for milk let down |
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Prolactin |
The hormone which induces alveolar growth and stimulates the production of milk after parturition |
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Oxytocin |
The hormone which is responsible for milk letdown |
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Beef Industry |
Highest cash receipts of any agricultural commodity |
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Function of Beef Industry |
Turn feed (grain, byproducts) into food (beef) |
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Feeder Calf |
Mature enough to be placed in a feed lot |
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Stocker Calf |
Less physically developed calf destined for Stocker Operations |
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Finishing Programs |
Grass Finish Grain Finish Certified Organic Etc. |
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Dressing Percent of Beef |
62% |
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Saturated v Unsaturated Lipid |
Unsaturated lipids contain double bonds, saturated lipids contain single bonds |
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Essential Fatty Acids |
Omega 6 Omega 3 Conjugated Linoleic Acid |
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True Protein |
A protein which is composed entirely of amino acids |
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Essential v Nonessential Amino Acid |
Nonessential amino acids are produced in sufficient quantities by the body, essential amino acids are not |
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Mineral |
An inorganic nutrient composed of solid chemical elements |
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Four Types of Digestive Tracts |
Monogastric Polygastric Hindgut Fermenter Avian |
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Functions of the mouth |
Prehension Mastication Salivation |
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Function of the Epiglottis |
Covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs |
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Reticulum |
Honeycomb Hardware Stomach Compartment of the ruminant's stomach responsible for collecting foreign material |
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Wool v Hair |
Hair is hollow, doesn't accept dye Wool contains lanolin, accepts dye |
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Lanolin |
Yellow grease which is found in wool |
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Nutrient |
Any chemical substance found in feed/ food which are necessary for the animal to survive and grow |
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Classes of Nutrients (6) |
Carbohydrate Protein Vitamin Mineral Water Lipids |
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Water Deficiency Symptoms |
Reduced feed intake Increased nitrogen, sodium, and potassium excretion Lack of cell turgidity |
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Factors Influencing Water Intake |
Age Weight Temperature Humidity Stress Feed characteristics |
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Starch v Cellulose |
Starch: Alpha 14 linkages Cellulose: Beta 14 linkages The type of bond present in the chain of monosaccharides |
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Hide |
Covering removed during slaughter |
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Reason for Aging Carcasses |
Enhance flavor Recover tenderness lost in cold shortening |
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Connective Tissues in Meat |
Collagen Elastin |
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Water (as a component in meat) |
Greatest percentage component in meat |
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B12 |
Only contained in meat |
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Grinding |
Most popular method of processing meat |
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Grade III Milk |
Greatest % of milk produced in the US |
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Lactose |
Causes milk intolerance in humans |
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Somatic Cells |
White blood cells |
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Carbon Dioxide |
Contributes greatest % to greenhouse gasses |
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Dairy Cattle (in relation to greenhouse gasses) |
Greatest contributor |
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Bioengineered Animal |
An animal genetically altered to display different traits, such as a goat producing human milk |
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Meat |
The edible parts, including the organs and glands, of the carcass of animals |
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Muscle v Variety Meat |
Muscle meats are comprised of voluntary muscles while variety meats are comprised of edible organs and involuntary tissue |
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Myoglobin |
The protein which forms the pigments responsible for meat colors |
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Pork |
Obtained from swine and has a gray- pink color |
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Poultry (US consumption) |
Meat consumed at the highest rate in the US |
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Downer Animal |
An animal that cannot walk into the slaughter facility in a normal fashion |
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Immobilization Methods |
Captive Bolt Pistol Electric Shock |
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Animal Science |
The collective study of the disciplines which comprise the study of domestic animals |
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Ruminant, Non-ruminant |
Two groups into which domesticated animals are divided when based upon their method of utilizing feed |
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Livestock |
Domesticated animals which are intentionally raised in an agricultural environment to produce food, fiber, or labor |
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Alternative Animal (Ex) |
Llama |
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Contributions which animals provide to humans |
Food Clothing Drugs Labor Income |
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Xenotransplantation |
Transplantation of cells from one species to another |
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Zoonotic Disease |
A disease or infection naturally transmissible from animals to humans or vice versa |
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Hyponatremia |
Water intoxication Result of dilution of electrolytes in the body fluids |
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Glycogen |
The storage form of normal levels of glucose in vertebrates |
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Cholestrol |
Lipid which does not produce energy but is important to the body |
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Nonessential Amino Acids |
alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine |
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Essential Amino Acids |
arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline and tyrosine |
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Lysine |
Commonly the most limiting amino acid in grain fed animals |
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Macromineral |
calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc |
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Micromineral |
copper, boron, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum, manganese, iodine, and cobalt |
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Most Essential Nutrient |
Water |
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Obligate Carnivores |
Animals which consumer largely flesh of other animals |
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T/F Most feedstuffs or ingredients in a ration contain more than one of the six basic nutrients |
True |
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T/F No single feed ingredient can supply all of the six basic nutrients in the quantity and proportions needed by the animal's body |
True |
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Peristalsis |
The series of wave like contractions that propel feed/ chyme through the digestive tract |
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Direction of horse peristalis |
Only downward |
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Function of the Crop (Avian) |
Storage and softening of the feed |
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Choke |
An obstruction of the esophagus |
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Abomasum |
Acid and enzyme production, digestion |
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Omasum |
Reabsorption of water |
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Rumen |
Fermentation and absorption of VFA's |
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C3 Chamber of the Pseudo-ruminants' Stomach |
Acts as the true stomach and secretes gastric juices |
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Pepsin |
Produced in the stomach, digests protein |
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Maltase |
Enzyme which breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides |
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VFA (Volatile Fatty Acid) |
Acetic Butyric Propionic |
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Large Intestine |
Location of VFA production in hindgut fermenters |
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Carbohydrate Levels Determined By |
Math (%NFE+%Crude Protein) |
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Lipid Levels Determined By |
Ether Extraction |
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Mineral Levels Determined by |
Burning |
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Protein Levels Determined By |
Kjeldahl Procedure |
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Water Levels Determined By |
Drying |
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Heat Increment |
Energy lost due to heat produce by fermentation and metabolism |
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Three Water Sources |
Metabolic Feed Free Choice
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Grain |
Most common source of carbohydrates |
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Ketosis |
Excess of ketones in blood and tissues associated with carbohydrates |
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Two Groups of Vitamins |
Water & Fat Soluble |
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Four Types of Digestive Tracts |
Avian Polygastric Monogastric Hindgut Fermenter |
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Accessory Glands (Digestive Tract) |
Salivary Gland Liver |
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Building Block: Carbohydrates |
Glucose |
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Building Block: Lipid |
Fatty Acids |
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Building Block: Protein |
Amino Acids |
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Bomb Calorimeter |
Used to determine energy content of a feed |
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Digestible Energy (Formula) |
Net Energy- Fecal Energy |
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Sperm |
Viable male sex cell |
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Bilateral Cryptorchid |
Both testicles fail to descend |
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Testosterone |
Male reproductive hormone |
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Leydig Cells |
Secrete testosterone |
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Thermoregulation |
Major function of the scrotum |
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Epididymis |
Portion of the male reproductive tract in which the sperm mature and concentrate |
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Vasectomy |
Process by which males can be rendered infertile by removing a portion of the vas deferens |
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Ovary |
The primary sex organ of the female which produces the female gametes and hormones |
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Graafian Follicle |
Mature follicle which has risen to the surface of the ovary ready to rupture and release the egg |
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Oiduct |
Portion of the reproductive tract in which fertilization occurs |
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Functions of the Cervix |
Development of the cervical plug Isolation of the uterus from the external environment Passage and deposition of sperm |
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Puberty age affected by |
Environmental Effects Genetics Nutrition Threshold body size |
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Polyestrus |
Animals which display estrus heat on a regular cycle |
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Acrosin |
Enzyme which is released by the sperm to digest the zona pellucida of the egg |
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Prevention of Polyspermy |
Hardening of the zona pellucida so it no longer allows sperm to penetrate it Vitelline membrane no longer engulfs the sperm after it engulfs one sperm |
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Implantation |
Process by which the embryo attaches to the endometrium |
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Amnion |
Innermost extra embryonic membrane which is filled with a clear fluid which serves as a protective cushion against external shock |
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Mare (Gestation Length) |
Longest |
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Furstenburg's Rosette |
Structure within the udder which serves as a barrier to pathogens |
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Prolactin |
The hormone which induces alveolar growth and stimulates the production of milk after parturition |
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Fat, Lactose, Protein |
Components of milk synthesized by cellular metabolism within the udder |
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Avg Beef Cattle Herd Size |
40 |
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Texas |
Leading state in beef cattle |
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Angus |
Most popular breed of beef cattle in the US |
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Goal: Feedstock Producer |
Produce the very best breeding stock |
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Avg Beef Calf Birth Weight |
60-100 |
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T/F Beef calves are usually nourished by the dam's milk until they reach 2 to 3 months of age and then are nourish by the milk and grass until they are weaned |
True |
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Weaning age of beef calves |
6 to 10 months |
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Adjusted 205 Day Weight |
Indicates the milking ability of the cow |
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Grain Finished |
Most widely used method of finishing beef cattle |
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Grass Finished |
Takes the longest to reach market weight and condition |
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T/F According to US standards, grass fed cattle cannot be given FDA approved antibiotics or growth promoting hormones |
False |
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Breed |
Group of animals which possesses the same characteristics which distinguish them from other groups within the same species |
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California |
Leader in milk cows |
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Avg Herd Size Dairy |
115 |
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Holstein |
Most popular breed of dairy cattle in the US |
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Saanen |
Dairy goat, white, highest milk yeild |
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Milking Sheep Industry |
Shorter lactation period Lower yield Higher % fat and protein Can be frozen |
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Georgia |
Leading state in broilers |
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Minnesota |
Leading state in turkey |
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Texas |
Leading state in horses |
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Poultry Industry |
Most vertically integrated |
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Prostate Gland |
Accessory to male reproductive tract |
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Warts |
Abnormality of glans penis |
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Avian Reproduction: Male |
Testes don't descend |
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Avian Reproduction: Female |
Only one uterine horn |
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Estrus Signs |
Stand to be mounted Restlessness/ distress |
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Cause of Anestrus |
Pregnancy |
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Abnormal Presentations (Parturition) |
One leg bent back Caudal presentation Both legs bent back |
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Causes: Dystocia |
Large offspring Inability to contract |
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Mechanical Tap Stimulus |
Myoepithelial cells are mechanically stimulated |
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Dry Period |
Replenishing alveoli |
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Bob Veal |
<150 lbs <3 weeks old |
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Herringbone |
Milking parlor style |
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Advantages of Goat Milk |
Easily digested fat & protein Naturally homogenized |
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Geese: Uses |
Watch animal Meat Down |
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Mule |
Horse x Donkey |
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Graafian Follicle |
Risen to the surface of the ovary, ready for ovulation |
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Oviduct |
Fertilization occurs |
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Puberty |
Age at which extras with ovulation begins |
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Anestrus: Cause |
Pregnancy |
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Implantation |
Embyro attaches to the endometrium |
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Umbilical Cord |
Connects the developing embryo to the placenta |
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Animal By Products |
Antifreeze, cosmetics, gelatin, rubber |
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Grassland / Pasture |
Greatest proportion of the land acreage in the US |
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Grain Useage: Highest % |
Food, alcohol, industrial |
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Duck |
Produces the greatest amount of mature per day on a 1,000 pound mass basis |
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Sheep |
Most efficient in converting pounds of protein in the feed into protein in their bodies |
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Cause of Zoonotic Disease |
Fungi Parasite Prion Ticks |
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Oxymyoglobin |
Responsible for the bright red color in meat |
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Blood |
First non carcass portion of an animal removed in slaughter |
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Ante Mortem Inspection |
First step in the slaughter process |
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Hide |
Covering removed from cattle and goats |
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Drop or Offal |
Parts removed from an animal during the slaughter process |
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Spinal Cord |
Must be removed during the slaughter process to prevent transfer of Mad Cow Disease |
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Muscle |
The major component of meat |
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Iron |
Present in the heme form in meat |
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Processing |
Any mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic treatment of meat which alters its original form |
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Frankfuter |
Most popular sausage in the US |
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Radura Label |
Alerts consumers that the meat has been radiated |
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Freezing Point |
Testing water content in milk |
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Vitamin D |
Required to be added to milk before sale |
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Quality Standards: Milk |
Bacterial count Drug residue Somatic cell count Temperature |
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Grade A Milk Producers Must |
Have an annual license Grade A Permit Inspected every six months Meet farm standards |
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Cheese |
Dairy product consumed in greatest amount in the US |
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Per Capita Consumption of Eggs is |
Increasing |
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Iowa |
Leader in egg production |
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Avg Egg Production / Year / Chicken |
250-300 Eggs |
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Egg Carton Label |
Number Size Grade Plant Number |
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Animal Contributions |
Labor Companionship Income |
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4 Classifications of Meat |
Red Meat Seafood Poultry Misc. |
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High Quality Protein: Meat |
Contains the amount and proportions of amino acids that humans need |
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Meat Inspection v Meat Grading |
Meat inspection: safety Meat grading: quality, prep method |
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Factors altering milk composition |
Species Age Stage of lactation |
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Grades of Milk |
A, B |
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Nest Run Eggs |
Produced without inspection by a producer that sells <30 doz / week |
