Animal Reproduction

Front 1

Primary sex characteristics

Back 1

Structures involved in reproduction. (Uterus & ovaries in females, Testes in males)

Front 2

Secondary sex characteristics

Back 2

Could be hair, body hair, muscle distribution, antlers… anything used to get the attention of a mate

Front 3

What happens in the Ovary? How many are present in females?

Back 3

Area where eggs are produced. Females have two.

Front 4

What is the Oviduct and its purpose?

Back 4

AKA fallopian tube. Eggs move from the ovary through the fallopian tube on their way to the uterus.

Front 5

Uterus

Back 5

Fertilized egg is implanted in the wall and the fetus develops here until birth.

Front 6

Testes

Back 6

Male reproductive organ

Front 7

What happens in the Seminiferous tubules?

Back 7

The site of male sperm production as well as interstitial cells which produce sex hormones.

Front 8

What takes place in the Epididymis?

Back 8

Coiled tube attached to each testis. Site of final maturation and storage of sperm.

Front 9

What are the Vas deferens?

Back 9

Connect the epididymis to the urethra. There is one for each epididymis.

Front 10

What is the purpose of the Seminal vesicles?

Back 10

Secretes mucus, fructose, and prostaglandins into the vas deferens during ejaculation to provide a medium for the sperm.

Front 11

What role does the Prostate play in reproduction?

Back 11

Secretes a milky alkaline fluid into the urethra to neutralize acidity.

Front 12

What is present in the Sperm head?

Back 12

Contains haploid nucleus and the acrosome, a lysosome containing enzymes that are used to penetrate the egg.

Front 13

What is Gametogenesis? Give two examples.

Back 13

Meiotic cell divisions leading to the formation of a gamete. Sperm in males and eggs in females.

Front 14

When does Oogenesis begin? What happens during the process?

Back 14

Begins during embryonic development. Primary oocytes begin meiosis, but do not mature past prophase I. They remain in this stage until puberty at which point one will mature every menstrual cycle. The primary oocyte is nourished through development by a follicle that surrounds the oocyte and provides the necessary nutrients to mature into a secondary oocyte.

Front 15

What is released during Ovulation? What are the two possible outcomes?

Back 15

Release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle. If fertilized, it will complete meiosis II and develop into an egg to combine with the chromosomes donated by the sperm.

Front 16

1. When does Spermatogenesis begin?
2. What type of cell begins the process?
3. What is the first product of this product?
4. What is the second?
5. What is the third?

Back 16

1. Begins at puberty.
2. Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes. (3)
Primary spermatocytes then begin meiosis I which produce two secondary spermatocytes. (4)
After meiosis II the two secondary spermatocytes become four spermatids.(5)

Front 17

What initiates the reproductive cycle?

Back 17

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.

Front 18

What affect does the secretion of FSH have?

Back 18

FSH stimulates the follicle which nourishes the developing primary oocyte. The follicle also secretes estrogen.

Front 19

When estrogen levels rise, what effect does this have on the endocrine system?

Back 19

Rising levels of Estrogen cause the anterior pituitary to secrete LH which triggers ovulation.

Front 20

What happens after the release of the Oocyte from the follicle?

Back 20

The follicle, now called the corpus luteum, can continue to develop under the influence of LH and secretes estrogen and progesterone.

Front 21

What effect will the secretion of estrogen and progesterone have?

Back 21

The endometrium will thicken in preparation for the implantation of the fertilized egg.

Front 22

High levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to do what?

Back 22

Decrease production of FSH and LH

Front 23

What happens if FHS and LH levels drop?

Back 23

The corpus leutum will deteriorate and as a result, estrogen and progesterone will no longer be produced. This causes the endometrium to cease development and deteriorate.

Front 24

What is Human chorionic gonadotropin? Where is it secreted and why?

Back 24

AKA HCG. Secreted by the implanted embryo to maintain the corpus leutum, which will maintain the levels of progesterone and estrogen. Pregnancy tests check for the presence of this hormone.

Front 25

Describe the three phases of the ovarian cycle

Back 25

. Follicular phase – development of the primary oocyte in the follicle
. Ovulation – Release of the egg from the folicle
. Luteal phase – development of the corpus leutum and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

Front 26

What triggers meiosis II in the oocyte?

Back 26

The penetration of sperm, producing an ovum(egg) and polar body

Front 27

What is the process of Cleavage?
How do cells differ from the original zygote?

Back 27

Rapid mitotic cell divisions without cell growth.
Cells contain substantially less cytoplasm than the original zygote.

Front 28

What is a Blastomere?
How is it different from the original Zygote cell?

Back 28

Name of the cells produced from cleavage. Cells contain substantially less cytoplasm than original zygote.

Front 29

What is Indeterminate cleavage?

Back 29

Stage at which the blastomeres are capable of completing normal development if separated.

Front 30

What is Determinate cleavage?

Back 30

When the blastomeres are not capable of completing normal development if separated. They are predetermined to be a certain type of cell.

Front 31

What type of animal typically undergoes Radial Cleavage?

Back 31

Deuterostomes (sea urchins). Radial Cleavage is when the cell divides and the resulting blastomeres are directly alligned. Ex, a 4 cell embryo(4 blastomeres) divides into to an 8 cell (8 blastomeres) embryo and all cells are directly aligned.

Front 32

What type of animal typically undergo Spiral Cleavage?

Back 32

Protostomes (squid). Spiral Cleavage is when the cell divides and the resulting blastomeres are not directly alligned. Ex, a 4 cell embryo(4 blastomeres) divides into to an 8 cell (8 blastomeres) embryo and all cells are NOT directly aligned.

Front 33

What is a Morula

Back 33

Successive cleavage divisions that result in a solid ball of cells.

Front 34

What is a Blastula?

Back 34

Liquid fills the morula and pushes the cells to the outside forming a ring of cells around a cavity

Front 35

What is a Trophoblast?

Back 35

The outer ring of cells of the blastocyst. It also secretes human Corionic Gonadotropin (HCG) which stimulates progesterone production in the corpus luteum. Later the trophoblast will become the chorion which with maternal tissue turns into the placenta.

Front 36

How is the Gastrula formed?

Back 36

Invagination of the blastula. When a group of cells invaginate the blastula creating a two layer embryo with an opening from the outside into a center cavity.

Front 37

Three features associated with gastrula

Back 37

. 3 germ layers – formation of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
. Archenteron – center cavity, surrounded by endoderm
. Blastopore – opening into the archenteron

Front 38

What tissues later forms from the Ectoderm

Back 38

Integument (skin, hair, nails, and epithelium of nose, mouth, and anal canal), lens of eye, retina, nervous system

Front 39

What tissues later forms from the Endoderm

Back 39

Epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid and bladder lining

Front 40

What tissues later forms from the Mesoderm

Back 40

Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue

Front 41

What purpose does the Chorion serve in birds/reptiles? Mammals?

Back 41

Outer membrane that allows for gas exchange in birds/reptiles. In mammals it implants into the endometrium and later helps to form the placenta.

Front 42

Where is the Allantois and what purpose does it serve?

Back 42

Layer below the chorion. Stores/transports waste products to the placenta and eventually develops into the umbilical cord.

Front 43

Where is the Amnion and what purpose does it serve?

Back 43

Fluid filled cavity surrounding the embryo. Acts as a shock absorber of external and localized pressure

Front 44

How is the Notochord formed and what is its purpose?

Back 44

Formed from the mesoderm. Provides support to developing fetus

Front 45

What is the Neural tube and how is it formed?

Back 45

Ectoderm layer above the notochord that develops into the central nervous system.

Front 46

Name 3 factors that influence development of cells from all similar cells to different cells that perform different functions.

Back 46

. Influence of the egg cytoplasm – different cells get different amounts of cytoplasm which can determine their end f’n
. Embryonic induction – cells can influence other cells nearby
. Homeotic genes – certain genes code for substances that affect development