Animal Physiology Lab

Front 1

Units used to measure Concentration

Back 1

g/ml

Front 2

Units used to measure Force

Back 2

grams

Front 3

Units used to measure Frequency

Back 3

Hz

Front 4

Units used to measure Radiation

Back 4

µCi

Front 5

Units used to measure Time

Back 5

seconds

Front 6

Units used to measure Volume

Back 6

ml

Front 7

Write the formula to calculate solutions concentration given another solution

Back 7

C2 = V1C1 / V2

Front 8

Write the formula to calculate volume given another solution

Back 8

V2 = V1C1 / V2

Front 9

Write the formula to calculate MAP

Back 9

2/3 diastole * 1/3 systole

Front 10

Calibration

Back 10

To adjust a scale according to reliable known values.

Front 11

Acetylcholine

Back 11

Neurotransmitter primarily used by muscles to open sodium channels; also part of ANS as pre-ganglionic hormone for both Symp and Parasym, and arasympathetic post-synaptic transmitter.

Front 12

Aldosterone

Back 12

part of RAS, steroid that increases Na+ reabsorption, aiding kidney to retain more water

Front 13

Angiotensin

Back 13

Peptide hormone, causes release of aldosterone.

Front 14

Atropine

Back 14

Acetylcholine antagonist, competes for muscarinic receptors

Front 15

Compound Action Potential

Back 15

sum of many individual action potentials, a change in potential that represents the sum of all the axons firing

Front 16

Discuss one of the roles of this element in the cell - Ca+

Back 16

Initiates contraction in muscle cells, either exiting sarcoplasmic reticulum storage (skeletal) or entering from EC fluid (smooth)

Front 17

Discuss one of the roles of this element in the cell - Na+

Back 17

Depolarization-sensitive Na+ channels determine action potentials (respond rapidly to depolarizing membrane potential)

Front 18

Discuss one of the roles of this element in the cell - K+

Back 18

Determines resting membrane potential in neurons, responds slowly to depolarizing membrane potential.

Front 19

Discuss one of the roles of this element in the cell - Cl-

Back 19

high concentration in extra-cellular fluid

Front 20

Discuss one of the roles of this element in the cell - O2

Back 20

Allows us to live!

Front 21

Epinephrine

Back 21

Hormone and neurotransmitter of sympathetic system; increases heart rate & stroke volume, increasing MAP

Front 22

Glomerular Filtration

Back 22

How fluids & solutes in the blood are moved from glomerular capillaries to Bowman’s capsule; dependent on opposing forces of: osmotic pressure of blood in those capillaries & hydrostatic pressure of filtrate in BC.

Front 23

Cardiac/Heart Output

Back 23

heart rate * stroke volume (increasing will also raise MAP)

Front 24

Hormone

Back 24

chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells, into blood or external environment; exerts its effects at very low blood concentrations

Front 25

Ionotropic receptor

Back 25

a ligand (the extracellular signal molecule, an ion) binds to receptor, to open or close the channel

Front 26

Isometric Contraction

Back 26

Constant length; Muscle has not shortened; although sarcomeres have, generating force, the elastic elements stretch and allow muscle length to remain the same.

Front 27

Isotonic Contraction

Back 27

Constant tension; Sarcomeres shorten more (but elastic elements are already stretched) so the entire muscle has to shorten.

Front 28

MAP

Back 28

Mean arterial pressure; an average of the blood pressure

Front 29

Membrane resting potential

Back 29

electrical gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid; cells have negative MRP.

Front 30

Metabotropic receptor

Back 30

a G-protein coupled receptor; the binding of a signal molecule activates the g-protein which opens an ion channel or alters enzyme activity.

Front 31

Motor Proteins

Back 31

actin and myosin proteins make up the sliding filaments that cause contraction of a motor unit.

Front 32

Neurotransmitter

Back 32

short range, rapid effect signals (chemical, electrical/both paracrine & autocrine); tend to be polar, bind to specific receptors on cell surfaces.

Front 33

Norepinephrine

Back 33

parasympathetic ANS uses from ganglion to target organ.

Front 34

Oxytocin

Back 34

neurohormone; released during labor to induce contractions.

Front 35

How do you determine Oxygen consumption?

Back 35

pulmonary ventilation * fractional oxygen extraction

Front 36

How do you determine Pulmonary ventilation?

Back 36

tidal volume * respiratory rate

Front 37

What is Vital Capacity?

Back 37

expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Front 38

What is Dead Space?

Back 38

air in conduction pathways, left from preceding breath

Front 39

Describe skeletal muscle cells

Back 39

large cells, striations
Movement and posture depend on skeletal muscles, which attach to bones via tendons; found in antagonistic pairs and mostly part of voluntary movement; contract in response to a signal from motor neurons

Front 40

Describe smooth muscle cells

Back 40

not as large cells, not as striated
Usually surround organs and blood vessels; largely involuntary - contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles changes the diameter of vessels, or shapes of organs (GI tract, bladder, some glands); contractions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, metabolic factors, etc; some activity is spontaneous.

Front 41

Sympathetic ANS

Back 41

i. Originates in middle regions of spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar)
ii. Has short pre-synaptic neurons to ganglia very close to the spinal cord, so the post-ganglionic neurons are longer and signal travels very far to the target organs.
iii. Pre-synaptic: Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors of ganglion.
iv. Post-synaptic: Norepinephrine binds to either an alpha or beta adrenergic receptor

Front 42

Parasympathetic ANS

Back 42

i. Originate at cranial/cervical level and sacral level of spinal cord
ii. Has very long pre-ganglionic neurons, because ganglia for these are right outside target organs; post ganglionic neurons shorter.
iii. Pre-synaptic: Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors of ganglion.
iv. Post-synaptic: Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors.

Front 43

Describe pressure transducer setup

Back 43

An open 3-way valve on each side. One end leads to saline bag via tubing. Other end is a closed valve, so fluid cannot leave. There may be another valve with a syringe attached.

Front 44

What is the refractory period?

Back 44

Hyperpolarization, when K+ channels are still open, but closing.

Front 45

When does depolarization occur in an AP?

Back 45

Initiated by reaching threshold voltage, due to ions rushing in; is the rising phase.

Front 46

Repolarization is what part of an AP?

Back 46

The falling point, after the AP occurs but prior to hyperpolarization.

Front 47

Resting state of an AP is when?

Back 47

After exting hyper-polarization/refractory period state the potential returns to resting level.

Front 48

What happens to sodium and potassium channels when the AP occurs?

Back 48

Na+ begin closing while K+ start to open and cause hyperpolarization.

Front 49

How do you tell a CAP from an AP?

Back 49

While superficially similar, a CAP creates a BIPHASIC action potential; stimulus is offset from the action potential, rather than part of it.

Front 50

What is an action potential?

Back 50

Brief, stereotyped signals generated by excitable cells. Are all or none.

Front 51

Compare isotonic and isometric contractions in terms of LOAD.

Back 51

For Isotonic load lifted remains constant; for Isometric is it the length that is constant.

Front 52

Compare smooth versus skeletal muscle cells.

Back 52

SM cells are smaller than SKM, with contractile proteins that lack alignment (SM don't have the cross striations of SKM).

Front 53

Compare smooth versus skeletal muscle contraction initiation.

Back 53

SKM has highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system to store Ca2+; but SM doesn't store Ca2+ and relies on influx from extracellular fluid. Also, SM has lower myosin ATPase activity than SKM.

Front 54

Compare smooth versus skeletal muscle contraction speed.

Back 54

SM contraction is generally slower than SKM, with smaller tension developed.

Front 55

Tonus is a state of...

Back 55

long-term, moderate contraction maintained by many smooth muscles.

Front 56

What does tonus make possible in SMM?

Back 56

Allows prolonged or indefinite continuance of smooth muscle function.