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22 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Endo = "from within"
Crine = "to separate"
(ductless glands; pituitary, thyroid)
Exo= "outside"
Crine = "to separate"
(ducted glands; salivary, sweat)
Endocrine (postal service):

-long signal duration
-broadcast throughout entire body; bulk mailing.
-slower
-many forms of transport; all chemical: nervous, immune, endocrine> work closely together.
Nervous (telephone):

-short signal duration
-point-to-point (brain to specific muscle).
-fast
-one form of transport (neurotransmitters & synapses)
Classes of hormones: (1/3)

Protein/Peptide Hormones
(pituitary, tropic hormones)
p. 429
-largest hormones
-generally do not enter the cell
-typically need secondary messenger (p.61-63)
-bind to outer membrane of cell
-water soluble
Classes of hormones: (2/3)

Steroids
(adrenal cortex, gonads)
-fat soluble
-can move into cells
-derived from cholesterol
-can directly influence transcription/DNA in nucleus
-less retractable
Classes of hormones: (3/3)

Amines
3 types: catecholamines, thyroid hormones, and melatonin.
-catecholamines: (adrenal medulla) small; break down quickly; neurotransmitters. e.g. epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine.

-thyroid hormones: lipid soluble. e.g. thyroxine (T4/tetraiodothyronine), triiodothyronine (T3).

-melatonin: stimulates malanocytes; pigments in animals. tuned in with rest/wake cycles--pineal gland.
Hormonal effects:

3 types: direct effect, permissive effect, and pharmacological effect.
-direct effect: changing cell function. can be inhibiting/activating enzymes. can stimulate secretion of something.

-permissive effect: allows something to happen. changes conditions so something else can occur. e.g. insulin.

-pharmacological effect: not seen in normal conditions; only after very large doses or with pathologies. e.g. cortisol.
Hierarchy of control:

e.g. p. 431 (Fig. 16.10)
1. Hypothalamus: produces releasing hormones; sent to...
2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis): releases tropic hormones; which then go to...
3. Target glands: which secrete glandular hormones; which then go to...
4. Target tissues.
Hormonal orders:

I, II, III, and IV
I. one hormone involved (insulin)
II. two hormones involved (growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone)
III. three hormones involved (gonads, adrenal gland)
IV. four hormones involved
Posterior Pituitary Gland

aka neurohypophysis
-made of nervous tissue
-does not make any hormones
-receives hormones produced in hypothalamus (stored & released from neurohypophysis)
-transported to here by axons
e.g. oxytocin-stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands; or ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) hormone that promotes antidiuresis.
Anterior Pituitary Gland

aka adenohypophysis
-made of glandular tissue
-hypothalamus signals adenohypophysis with releasing hormones
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
An anterior pituitary hormone which supports and maintains the tissues of the thyroid gland and also stimulates the gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
Growth Hormone
An anterior pituitary hormone which influences growth and nutrient metabolism in tissues such as fat and muscle.
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
A gonadotropin (tropic hormone) produced by anterior pituitary which stimulates sperm production in the testis, follicular growth in the ovary, and sex hormone production in male and female gonads.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
A gonadotropin (tropic hormone) produced by anterior pituitary which stimulates sex hormone production in male and female gonads, ovulation, and development of corpus luteum.
ATCH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
A tropic hormone produced by anterior pituitary which stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex and supports cortical tissue.
Prolactin (PRL)
Promotes development of mammary gland during pregnancy; stimulates milk synthesis and secretion during lactation; promotes caring for young by both males and females in many species of fish, birds, and mammals.
MSH (Malanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
Produced in anterior pituitary. In mammals, also produced in hypothalamus. Reduces appetite, suppresses immune system. In amphibians, nonavian reptiles, and fish, causes skin darkening by stimulating dispersal of granules containing the pigment melanin.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
limits the production of urine and also stimulates constriction of arterioles
Oxytocin
causes contractions of the uterus during birth and ejection of milk by the mammary glands during suckling
Define the term 'hormone':
A hormone is a chemical substance produced and released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons; it exerts regulatory influences on the function of other, distant cells reached via the blood; and it is effective at very low concentrations.

(a chemical messenger released in one part of the body having effects elsewhere)
What is a portal vein?
A vein between two capillary beds.

e.g Capillary bed in hypothalamus and adenohypophysis is connected by a portal vein.
Types of Receptors

Membrane-bound (extracellular) and Intracellular/Intranuclear

p. 61-63
diagram p. 62
-Membrane-bound (extracellular): not a large amount, usually. Only about 10% need to be filled to produce a full response because signal is amplified inside the cell through various processes.

-Intracellular/Intranuclear: Fat soluble hormones which can get inside cell. Help move the hormone into the cell (like a guide). Allow the hormone to interact with the cell.